新规则实施对武术套路运动员的难度动作的影响

竞技武术套路规则的实施在提高比赛难度和竞争性的同时，也必然影响到武术套路的训练。本文运用文献资料等方法对竞技武术套路1996年规则与2003年新规则进行对比，并比较探讨新规则的实施对套路运动员难度动作训练的影响。     

武术套路新规则实施后对套路训练的影响

竞技武术套路新规则的实施,在提高比赛难度和竞争性的同时,也必然影响到武术套路的训练。本文运用文献资料、调查访问等方法,以辽宁省队和沈阳体院武术队40名运动员（武 英级15人、一级40人）为研究对象。对竞技武术套路1996年竞赛规则与2003年新规则进行对比，并分析探讨新规则的实施对武术套路训练的影响，以及由此所应采取的方法和策略。     

从新旧规则比较探析武术套路裁判员的执裁能力

武术套路新规则的实施和完善引导着现代竞技武术朝着“高、难、新、美”的方向发展。文章通过对1996年旧规则与2003年新规则进行比较分析,探讨在新规则实施下影响武术套路裁判员执裁能力的相关因素,并对提高武术套路裁判员执裁能力提出了相应的建议。     

新规则对武术套路运动员比赛的影响与对策的研究

针对于2003年武术试行新规则的实施,文章就新规则实施后,竞技武术套路运动员在比赛中出现的问题进行关于现代武术训练的讨论。结论认为:只有建立与现行武术新规则相匹配的现代训练体系,才会进一步提高训练实效,倾情演绎武术新规则所表达的武术新形式。     

套路竞赛新规则评分方法透视

现行新规则的评分方法较之以往有了很大变化,对提高竞赛评分的量化程度、准确性和区分度起到了一定的促进作用。然而,在新规则实施过程中,裁判评分的水准、客观把握的尺度如何,评分方法较之以往规则中的规定是否更具科学性和合理性,这些都是推行新规则以来值得研究的问题。我们以第八届全运会武术套路预赛为例,对套路竞赛新规则评分方法进行研究,旨在为进一步完善竞赛新规则提供某些理论和实践依据。     

从竞赛规则的改变看武术套路动作的发展趋势

从1959年第一版《武术套路竞赛规则》的出台,到2002版新规则的实施,武术套路竞赛规则修改了8次。每次修改都会引起武术套路编排、动作构成、训练方法及内容等方面的变化。为了加快武术套路竞赛与国际接轨,2002年武术套路竞赛新规则(以下简称"新规则")出台,彻底打破了武术套路保持传统性的原有发展路径,使武术套路从最初以"精、气、神"传统武术基本动作与技能训练为主,发展为以难度动作稳定性、创新非武术类动作为主的训练模式。这种变化给武术套路的发展带来了不少负面影响,各运动队更加注重难度动作的完成及其稳定程度,渐渐将武术的基本动作与技术丢弃,使整     

如何欣赏武术比赛

武术比赛的欣赏可以分为三个层次:重懂比赛;鉴别强、弱、优、劣;从美学角度欣赏比赛。其中要能看懂比赛和鉴别强、弱、优、劣,要掌握一定的武术知识(武术及各项目的特点风格)武术技术,更重要的是对武术规则有所了解。可以说了解规则是欣赏武术的关键。 1996年武术运动管理中心推出了新的武术套路竞赛规则(以下称新规则),与欣赏有关的评分方法新规则中有以下变化: 1.切块评分 切块评分就是将武术套路比     

武术新规则对竞赛套路创编的影响

武术比赛是以武术套路演练为基础,武术竞赛规则是武术比赛裁判评分的依据,它遵循的是一种公平与公正的原则。武术竞赛规则即规定的动作内容、数量、规格要求,是与武术运动员的技能和运动形式具有一定的内在因果联系。是反映武术运动在当前所能达到的运动技术水平,同时也引导武术运动的技术向更高层次的规范化方向发展。2003年武术竞赛新规则的推出,从竞技武术的发展来看,它在很大程度上是促进了武术运动竞赛的国际化和规范化,提高了武术比赛的竞技性、可比性。武术竞赛规则的实施对武术套路的创编以及套路的演练水平都产生了一定的影响作用。本文运用观察法、文献资料发、专家访谈法等研究方法,研究武术新规则内容和武术套路的创编质量是非常必要和具有现实意义的。     

新规则实施下青少年武术套路运动员力量与速度训练研究

文章根据武术新规则的实施以及当前竞技武术的发展趋势，强调青少年武术套路运动员力量与速度训练的重要性，并进一步提出了相应的训练方法和手段。     

武术新规则的实施对浙江高校业余武术训练的影响及对策研究

浙江大学生体协从2009年起在武术套路竞赛中实行最新国际武术套路竞赛规则(简称新规则),依照规则对长拳类项目难度实行评分,长拳类套路内容发生较大变化训练强度随之增加.新规则的实施一方面推动了高校武术竞技水平的提高和技术的规范化,另一方面出现了因运动员水平不均衡使武术新手无缘名次、竞赛项目人数分布不均衡及运动强度增大造成运动损伤等现象,一定程度影响了武术在高校的发展.高校业余训练时间不确定性的特点使以难度为核心的武术训练产生较多困难.根据高校业余训练的特点实行与中等学校一体化培养运动员有利于武术难度竞技水平的提高,常年训练与武术协会结合有利于无难度项目运动员选拔,避免集中突击训练或者训练强度过大所带来的运动损伤等问题     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

全国城乡学生体质20年动态分析

基于1985、1995和2005年全国学生体质调研数据,对各时期我国城乡学生形态、机能、体能发展水平进行系统地定量研究,动态分析20年全国城乡学生体质发展的特点与规律。主要研究结果：（1）近20年城乡学生生长发育持续提前,城市学生各项形态指标生长水平高于乡村,身高城乡差距缩小,体重、胸围城乡差距加大;（2）城市学生肺活量水平高于乡村,城乡学生肺活量20年持续下降,前10年乡村学生下降快、后10年城市学生下降快;（3）乡村学生800m、1000m跑水平高于城市,城市女生50m跑、仰卧起坐水平高于乡村,其他素质城乡学生水平波动较大;（4）城市女生50m跑20年持续下降,城乡学生800m和1000m跑、城市学生50m×8往返跑20年加速下降,其他素质20年间有增有降发展极不平稳。     

定向运动对大学生身心健康发展的实践研究

采用测量、问卷调查、数理统计等方法,分析定向运动学习前后对大学生身心健康的影响.结果经T检验和x2检验且表明：定向运动不仅能增强学生体质健康水平,而且有助于学生的情绪调节,增强自信心与创新意识,培养勇敢顽强的意志品质,建立良好的人际关系,能有效地促进学生身心健康发展.为了全面提高大学生整体素质,积极实践,构建定向运动课内外一体化教学模式,进行定向运动课程模块化教学,以满足学生的多元化需求.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

摔跤常见技术动作开始的发力特征研究

采用专门研制的摔跤测力装置,对过胸摔、挟颈背、拉臂转移和滚桥技术动作开始发力的力学特征进行测试分析,结果表明,上述动作开始的发力具有力值大和力的梯度大的特点,均有爆发用力的特征。其中过胸摔和滚桥主要把位发力最大,其总合力和力的梯度也最大。     

按摩器刺激对提高普通高校健美操专选学生柔韧性训练效果的实验研究

柔韧素质是健美操专业学生的专项素质之一,通过对普通高校健美操专业学生分组对照进行柔韧性训练的实验研究,认为对训练肌群辅以按摩器振颤刺激,可大大提高柔韧性训练效果。     

我国城市体育自然环境建设与发展的研究

采用实地调查研究、理性思维研究和文献资料调研等方法对主要问题进行了专门研究，提出了进行城市体育场所区域生态功能区划、设计体育生态功能区布局的方案、做好体育场所绿色环境系统规划、制定体育场所生态与绿地管理措施等基本观点，提出了若干城市体育自然环境建设与发展的对策。     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。