国际田径比赛中如何做好管理裁判员工作

国际田径比赛中管理裁判员是与运动员交流最多的裁判员之一，管理裁判员工作的好坏直接影响到比赛能否顺利的进行，所以作为一名管理裁判员必须具备一定的化素质、外语水平及管理能力。在赛前要作好充分的准备，认真研究赛前、赛中及赛后的工作细节，使比赛能够顺利进行。本仅就国际田径比赛中如何做好管理裁判员工作谈几点看法。     

征战“中国脊”（上）——奥运赛场上的高校裁判员们

回想起刚刚结束的北京奥运会和残奥会，你肯定对很多惊心动魄的乒乓球比赛场面记忆犹新吧？可是你还记得两名选手中间正襟危坐，威风凛凛的裁判员们吗？他们中的很多来自全国各大高校。在北京奥运会、残奥会中，国际乒联、中国乒协共选派了近80名中国的高级别裁判员参与了竞赛裁判工作，其中来自中国高校的就有31名。他们体现了勤勤恳恳、任劳任怨、一丝不苟的工作态度，     

我国足球裁判水平亟待提高

1995年全国足球甲级队A组联赛赛程已过半,形势逐渐明朗:上海申花队一枝独秀,北京国安队、广东宏远队紧随其后,为夺冠奋斗;而天津三星队、四川全兴队等几支弱旅则在为保级拼争。比赛激烈、紧张,精彩场面纷呈。联赛红红火火,观众人数上升。然而,球迷们议论的话题却不是绿茵场的精彩场面,而是裁判员的执法问题。 球迷经常给报社、电台打电话进行指责,希望更换裁判员。每场比赛结束,球迷有时围攻裁判员。裁     

篮球裁判员临场执法效能的影响因素及对策分析

通过对影响篮球裁判员在比赛执法中的各种因素进行分析，结合现代篮球运动的发展规律，探讨了篮球裁判员在比赛中对比赛秩序控制的技巧，在此基础上提出如何提高篮球裁判员临场执法效能的措施。     

影响篮球裁判临场判罚的因素及对策研究

一场精彩的篮球比赛通常是由比赛的双方队员、教练员以及临场裁判员的工作构成。因为篮球比赛场面的激烈，运动员的水平的提高，比赛双方差距的缩小，导致对抗性越来越强，这样对裁判员的临场判罚水平的要求就越来越高。本文通过对影响篮球裁判临场判罚的诸因素进行归属与分析，确定其主要因素并提出相应的对策和建议。     

足球裁判赛场心理状态的控制——兼谈注意品质在判断中的运用

分析了足球裁判员在比赛中的心理变化．指出了裁判员必须要有稳定贯注的注意品质．控制自己的注意，在比赛中保持最佳的、最适宜的注意水平．提高控制比赛的能力。     

发令裁判的小窍门

我从事小学生业余田径比赛的裁判工作多年，在发令裁判工作中，我发现在田径短跑比赛中，因发令裁判员举枪、鸣枪太快，计时裁判员来不及计时，影响比赛成绩，还因发令裁判为照顾计时裁判员，举枪时间太长而小学生运动员坚持不住抢跑。解决方法：发令裁判员先向准备参加比赛的运动员发出口令：“运动员注意，各就位（或各就位）”，运动员做蹲踞式起跑动作，准备好后，（窍门）发令裁判员先举枪，然后再喊：“预备”，检查运动员提臀稳定后鸣枪。这样做计时裁判员有了准备的时间，又不会影响运动员起跑。发令裁判的小窍门@孙世良!100096$首…     

甲级男篮十二强赛裁判员简介(一)

裁判工作是篮球运动中重要的组成部分。篮球比赛、篮球改革能否顺利圆满地进行,离不开广大裁判员辛勤的努力和工作。在篮球逐步推向市场的今天,我们的裁判员也将接受广大球迷的监督和检验。为此,我们从本期开始,陆续介绍部分参赛的裁判员。 本期刊发的朱家忠、崔毅、高树颂三位裁判被公认为中国目前最优秀的裁判员。他们动作规范,判罚果断、准确、公正,具有较强的应变以及控制比赛场面的能力,在全国乃至亚洲裁判界享有较高的知名度。他们执行国际国内比赛临场裁判的次数均已超过了500场,其中高树颂达到了671场。他们都曾多次担任全国、全军等比赛的裁判长、副裁判长以及裁判员培训班的讲师。1992年,他们三人同时被中国篮协增选为中国篮协裁判委员会副主任。     

足球裁判员在比赛中的团队合作

足球裁判员在比赛中的团队合作对保证比赛顺利进行具有重要意义。在比赛中,四名裁判员相互配合、相互提示,就能提高判罚的准确性,避免发生在裁判员视线外的非体育道德行为,更加有效控制比赛,提高比赛质量。     

对足球犯规与不正当行为判罚的研究

“犯规与不正当行为”是国际足联制定的《足球竞赛规则》中的重点章节,它是全世界足球裁判员判罚犯规、出示红黄牌、纪律制裁的理论依据,是控制比赛的有利武器。本文通过对2000年欧洲杯足球赛裁判员判罚犯规、红黄牌的使用情况的研究,找出我国裁判员的差距,旨为提高我国裁判员控制比赛的能力提供参考。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

全国城乡学生体质20年动态分析

基于1985、1995和2005年全国学生体质调研数据,对各时期我国城乡学生形态、机能、体能发展水平进行系统地定量研究,动态分析20年全国城乡学生体质发展的特点与规律。主要研究结果：（1）近20年城乡学生生长发育持续提前,城市学生各项形态指标生长水平高于乡村,身高城乡差距缩小,体重、胸围城乡差距加大;（2）城市学生肺活量水平高于乡村,城乡学生肺活量20年持续下降,前10年乡村学生下降快、后10年城市学生下降快;（3）乡村学生800m、1000m跑水平高于城市,城市女生50m跑、仰卧起坐水平高于乡村,其他素质城乡学生水平波动较大;（4）城市女生50m跑20年持续下降,城乡学生800m和1000m跑、城市学生50m×8往返跑20年加速下降,其他素质20年间有增有降发展极不平稳。     

定向运动对大学生身心健康发展的实践研究

采用测量、问卷调查、数理统计等方法,分析定向运动学习前后对大学生身心健康的影响.结果经T检验和x2检验且表明：定向运动不仅能增强学生体质健康水平,而且有助于学生的情绪调节,增强自信心与创新意识,培养勇敢顽强的意志品质,建立良好的人际关系,能有效地促进学生身心健康发展.为了全面提高大学生整体素质,积极实践,构建定向运动课内外一体化教学模式,进行定向运动课程模块化教学,以满足学生的多元化需求.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

摔跤常见技术动作开始的发力特征研究

采用专门研制的摔跤测力装置,对过胸摔、挟颈背、拉臂转移和滚桥技术动作开始发力的力学特征进行测试分析,结果表明,上述动作开始的发力具有力值大和力的梯度大的特点,均有爆发用力的特征。其中过胸摔和滚桥主要把位发力最大,其总合力和力的梯度也最大。     

按摩器刺激对提高普通高校健美操专选学生柔韧性训练效果的实验研究

柔韧素质是健美操专业学生的专项素质之一,通过对普通高校健美操专业学生分组对照进行柔韧性训练的实验研究,认为对训练肌群辅以按摩器振颤刺激,可大大提高柔韧性训练效果。     

我国城市体育自然环境建设与发展的研究

采用实地调查研究、理性思维研究和文献资料调研等方法对主要问题进行了专门研究，提出了进行城市体育场所区域生态功能区划、设计体育生态功能区布局的方案、做好体育场所绿色环境系统规划、制定体育场所生态与绿地管理措施等基本观点，提出了若干城市体育自然环境建设与发展的对策。     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。