新规则下世界男子自由体操发展趋势分析

运用专家访谈法、录像分析法和数理统计法等,对第41届伦敦世锦赛男子自由体操决赛的前八名优秀选手完成的自由体操成套动作难度、编排、连接方式等情况进行统计与分析,结果显示：今后男子自由体操整套动作难度的发展主要表现在技巧动作的难度上;单空翻技巧动作的使用有所增加,技巧串以D＋C和C＋D的2连接成为当今自由体操发展的潮流和趋势;采用5-6个技巧串,其中使用E组以上单空翻技巧动作或者2连接技巧串为开场动作,以非技巧动作前后填充1-2个2连接的技巧串以及1-2个D组或E组的单空翻技巧串为中间部分及采用至少是D组的单空翻技巧动作为结束动作是当今男子自由体操编排的主要趋势;动作完成的质量有所下降,但是稳定性有所提高。     

趋步在少儿自由体操训练中的应用

随着竞技体操规则的不断演变,自由体操也发生了一些变化。通过分析北京奥运会男子自由体操8名决赛选手的成套动作难度、编排及连接方式发现,通过使用SE组的单个空翻或超过3个空翻动作的直接连接来加大一个或多个空翻串的动作难度,是获得A分的主要手段,而获得有效加速是完成高难度单个空翻和空翻串连接的保证。北京奥运会上,8名决赛选手采用了高、低两种趋步技术完成了各自的空翻类动作,两种趋步技术在比赛中都得到了完美诠释。     

世界女子自由体操技术发展的新动向 ———第39 届世界体操锦标赛分析

通过对第39届世锦赛8名自由体操优秀选手完成的成套A分动作难度、编排连接方式及完成等情况的统计、对比,发现:使用"E组以上"更高难度的空翻,及发展和运用具有0.2分连接价值的"技巧空翻串",并采用稳定性较高的"D组以上"难度的空翻及连接为结束,是当今世界女子自由体操动作技术发展的新趋向。而在满足规则对舞蹈类动作要求的前提下,以相对较多的高难度技巧空翻,结合C组难度的舞蹈类跳步或加转体等动作,来配置10个最高难度的动作获取更高的A分价值,将是女子自由体操成套A分动作类型选择的新动向。     

当今男子自由体操发展的新趋向

对第35届世界体操锦标赛12名优秀选手完成的自由体操成套动作难度、编排、连接方式及动作完成等情况的统计与分析，发现使用超E组的单空翻动作，及采用超过三个空翻 动作的直接连接，来加大一个或多个空翻串的动作难度，并运用全旋类动作调整成套动作的完成节奏和韵律，是自由体操动作技术发展的新动向。     

世界男子自由体操发展趋势研究

采用录像统计和文献资料调研等方法,对2001—2004年奥运周期3届世界锦标赛和1届奥运会男子自由体操决赛前8名运动员的起评分、比赛成绩、成套动作难度和编排及完成情况进行了统计和分析。结果表明,世界男子自由体操的竞争格局具有相对稳定性和专项性特征;成套动作的开场部分主要采用SE组空翻和一串不同类型的E+D 3个空翻连接,中间部分采用不同类型的一串E+D 3个空翻动作连接、D组单个空翻和全旋动作及其连接构成成套动作的主干,结束动作则主要由D组以上难度的单个空翻动作构成;动作难度的发展和动作完成质量的提高趋于同步。     

快速后空翻的训练

目前世界女子自由体操的跟斗发展很快,从1983年22届锦标赛以及欧洲少年锦标赛上看,不少优秀选手都采用了空翻的挂串动作,取得了可喜的成绩。如22届世界体操锦标赛自由体操冠军罗马尼亚选手萨博用直体空翻转体540度接直体空翻转体540度再接前空翻;今年欧洲少年锦标赛自由体操冠军苏联选手弗罗洛娃用腱子小翻快速空翻接360°旋等等。实践表明空翻挂串难度动作不仅提高了全套自由体操的难度价值,而且增加了成套动作的气氛,     

从第39、40届世界体操锦标赛看男子自由体操的发展趋势

利用录像观察、数理统计和归纳以及专家访谈等方法对参加第39、40届世界体操锦标赛自由体操决赛的15位运动员成套动作的难度、编排和完成情况进行统计对比.研究发现:采用难度相对低的、至少"2连接"以上的动作串已成为当今自由体操发展的潮流和趋势;使用"E组以上"难度的单个技巧动作或具有连接价值的技巧串为"开场动作"、采用至少有2个"2连接"或者"3连接"的技巧串、1个c组的非技巧动作和1个至少C组的单个技巧动作为"中间动作"及采用至少D组以上的单个技巧动作为"结束动作"是目前男子自由体操成套动作结构编排的主要特征.     

第28届奥运会男子自由体操成套动作编排特点与趋势

通过录像统计和文献资料法,对第28届奥运会男子自由体操比赛前8名运动员的起评分、比赛成绩、成套动作难度和编排及完成情况进行了统计,分析了世界优秀男子自由体操运动员成套动作的编排特点和发展趋势。结果表明:在空翻动作的使用上,主要以D组的单空翻动作和E D3个空翻动作连接来获得加分;成套动作的类型编排呈现出多样化,中间串主要采用不同类型的单串多个空翻动作连接;成套动作的难度和完成质量趋于提高。     

对38届世锦赛和十运会女子自由体操发展特征的比较研究

通过对38届世界体操锦标赛和十运会女子自由体操决赛8位选手完成的成套动作难度、编排及连接方式进行统计分析,结果表明:“高难度、高质量、多变化、重优美”是世界女子自由体操技术的发展方向;中外运动员在成套动作的难度上无显著性差异,但在动作类型的选用与组合方式上有显著性差异;提高整套动作成绩的关键是提高连接动作的质量。     

从第37届世界锦标赛看女子自由体操技术发展新动向

通过对第37届世锦赛10名自由体操优秀选手完成的成套加分动作难度、编排连接方式及完成等情况的统计、对比与研究，发现以具有个性化特点的高难动作及连接充分发挥优势和特长，用难度稍低的动作及连接弥补、充实成套动作编排的更多完成类型，是当今世界女子自由体操发展的新趋向，而提高跳步、转体等动作及连接的完成质量，完成10分起评的动作编排，是目前众多优秀选手急切解决的问题。     

北京奥运周期世界女子自由体操发展的新特点

以39届世界体操锦标赛的女运动员为研究对象,对北京奥运周期世界女子自由体操发展特点进行研究。结果显示:成套动作的难度平均为6.2分,其中技巧与舞蹈动作的比例接近为2.5∶1;每套动作平均包括4个(串)高难度技巧动作,继续发展难度空间较小;动作类型仍以后空翻为主体,前空翻类型增加较快,已占到总数的1/4;今后的主要任务是提高完成动作的质量,重点是提高前空翻类型和技巧串动作的控制力与稳定性。     

Reply to Glazier: “Comment on ‘Influence of shaft length on golf driving performance’”

Abstract

In this study we compared the kinematic features of the throwing motion between young baseball players of different age groups. Forty‐four Japanese baseball players aged 6.1 to 12.3 years who regularly played baseball, including pitchers and position players, had their throwing actions analyzed three‐dimensionally using high speed videography. Of this sample, 26 players aged above 9 years of age were categorized as the senior group, while the remaining 18 were categorized as the junior group. Senior group throwers had greater height and body mass, and produced a greater ball speed than junior group throwers. The throwing arm movement of senior group throwers was similar to that of adult skilled players. However, in the junior group throwers, the shoulder horizontal adduction angle was larger during the arm acceleration phase, and the maximum angular velocities of elbow extension and shoulder internal rotation occurred later than in senior group throwers. These results indicate that players aged above 9 years can acquire a mature throwing arm movement, while players younger than that will use an immature motion. A possible reason why these differences were shown is that the official baseball is relatively heavy for junior group throwers; they would be better advised to use a lighter ball in throwing practice.     

山西省青少年蹦床技术训练的赛前强化期负荷特征研究

文章以山西省优秀青少年蹦床运动员为研究对象,运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、专家访谈法、现场观察法、数理统计法等研究方法,对山西省青少年蹦床技术训练赛前强化期中的负荷量与负荷强度进行了研究,进而为山西省青少年蹦床技术训练提供有价值的理论参考。研究结果表明：（1）山西省青少年蹦床运动员竞赛期训练内容主要分为单个动作、组合动作、分段动作与成套动作。（2）评价负荷量度的指标包括负荷量与负荷强度,负荷量以单个动作训练的次数、动作组合练习的次数、分段练习的次数以及成套动作练习的次数表示,强度以动作的难度值表示。（3）赛前强化期抠动作质量,以组合动作练习为主,加大了第二套分段动作的数量,主要提高动作的稳定性,负荷量适中,平均周负荷量为1200次;强度较大,以组合与分段动作难度为主。主要以单个与成套动作循环训练法、成套动作分段训练法与超长成套动作训练法为主。（4）甲2组运动员自选套以两周团身,转体动作多为180度,乙组运动员自选套以单周背弹或腹弹动作,很难完成两周动作。     

Shoulder and elbow kinematics in throwing of young baseball players

In this study we compared the kinematic features of the throwing motion between young baseball players of different age groups. Forty-four Japanese baseball players aged 6.1 to 12.3 years who regularly played baseball, including pitchers and position players, had their throwing actions analyzed three-dimensionally using high speed videography. Of this sample, 26 players aged above 9 years of age were categorized as the senior group, while the remaining 18 were categorized as the junior group. Senior group throwers had greater height and body mass, and produced a greater ball speed than junior group throwers. The throwing arm movement of senior group throwers was similar to that of adult skilled players. However, in the junior group throwers, the shoulder horizontal adduction angle was larger during the arm acceleration phase, and the maximum angular velocities of elbow extension and shoulder internal rotation occurred later than in senior group throwers. These results indicate that players aged above 9 years can acquire a mature throwing arm movement, while players younger than that will use an immature motion. A possible reason why these differences were shown is that the official baseball is relatively heavy for junior group throwers; they would be better advised to use a lighter ball in throwing practice.     

从第29和第30届奥运会看男子跳马发展趋势

采用文献资料法、录像分析法和数理统计法等对第29、30届奥运会男子跳马决赛前8名运动员的动作难度、动作类型及完成情况等进行了统计分析,结果表明:两届奥运会男子跳马决赛运动员的难度和完成质量处于同一水平线上,但难度有向前继续发展的趋势,完成质量日趋接近,运动员之间的实力差距逐渐缩小;第三和第四动作组别中的动作是主力军,第五动作组别中的动作将被更多的运动员所选用。     

2006 年中国全明星啦啦队锦标赛技巧 啦啦队冠军队伍成套动作分析

研究2006年中国全明星啦啦队锦标赛技巧啦啦队冠军队伍的成套动作。结果表明：此成套动作的编排侧重于难度动作；要提高我国啦啦队总体水平，需要严格依据新规则，结合啦啦队运动的项目特色，在安全第一的前提下，优化编排，保持优势难度动作，突击提高薄弱技术。     

Coordination pattern of baseball pitching among young pitchers of various ages and velocity levels

This study compared the whole-body movement coordination of pitching among 72 baseball players of various ages and velocity levels. Participants were classified as senior, junior, and little according to their age, with each group comprising 24 players. The velocity levels of the high-velocity (the top eight) and low-velocity (the lowest eight) groups were classified according to their pitching velocity. During pitching, the coordinates of 15 markers attached to the major joints of the whole-body movement system were collected for analysis. Sixteen kinematic parameters were calculated to compare the groups and velocity levels. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to quantify the coordination pattern of pitching movement. The results were as follows: (1) five position and two velocity parameters significantly differed among the age groups, and two position and one velocity parameters significantly differed between the high- and low-velocity groups. (2) The coordination patterns of pitching movement could be described using three components, of which the eigenvalues and contents varied according to age and velocity level. In conclusion, the senior and junior players showed greater elbow angular velocity, whereas the little players exhibited a wider shoulder angle only at the beginning of pitching. The players with high velocity exhibited higher trunk and shoulder rotation velocity. The variations among groups found using PCA and kinematics parameter analyses were consistent.