焉耆盆地绿洲灌区生态安全下的地下水埋深合理界定

在西北干旱地区,地下水埋深与生态环境的关系十分密切。焉耆盆地是新疆重要的绿洲农业区,但该区生态环境脆弱,生态环境对地下水的依赖作用十分显著,同时该区又担负着向塔里木河下游输水的重任,如何实现该地区地下资源可持续开发模式,是一个急需探讨的现实问题。本文基于大量的野外调查和综合分析的基础上,通过对焉耆盆地的地下水埋深与土壤盐碱化、植被生长与潜水蒸发的相互关系的研究,从确保绿洲灌区生态安全角度提出了地下水生态埋深的概念,并阐述了其内涵,确定绿洲灌区适宜生态埋深为3.0～4.0m,即适合林地生长的适宜深度与极限潜水蒸发深度的区间。地下水生态埋深的确定,对于估算生态用水、防治土地盐渍化和沙漠化提供了科学依据,也为焉耆盆地地下水合理开采与水盐调控提供理论支撑。     

塔里木河下游地区地下水空间分布动态模拟

塔里木河是典型的内陆河，其两岸植被主要依靠地下水维持生长，两岸的地下水埋深对以胡杨、柽柳为建群种的植被群落起着关键性作用。本文根据塔里木河下游区域地下水主要是河道补给等水文地质特征，以数字高程模型(DEM)为基础数据，利用有限元三角剖分Feflow时间滞后的一维线性插值方法处理河流数据，综合应用地理信息系统ArcGIS和Feflow进行地下水的空间分布模拟。本方法克服了地下水观测点很少、基础资料缺乏的缺陷，从面上直观再现了塔里木河下游典型断面阿拉干断面的地下水变化情况，动态再现地下水水位，生成地下水埋深，为分析地下水与植被关系提供了借鉴。     

基于GF-1的酒泉盆地植被与地下水埋深关系研究

地下水位埋深情况对我国西北干旱半干旱区的植被生长具有重要影响,高分系列卫星的发射使从宏观尺度上更加准确地分析植被与地下水位变化的关系成为可能。本文利用2013年8月的高分一号(GF-1)影像数据计算归一化植被指数(NDVI),利用地下水位观测资料及水文地质资料建立地下水模型,从宏观尺度分析了酒泉东盆地的植被与地下水位间的关系。研究表明:酒泉东盆地地下水浅埋区适宜植被生长的地下水位埋深范围为2.0～5.6 m之间;NDVI值随坡度增加而逐渐减小,不同坡向上整体的NDVI均值差异不大,但不同区间的NDVI值在各坡向的分布上有所差异;使用GF-1影像可显著提高NDVI分析的精度。     

孔雀河流域天然植物多样性与地下水关系

根据孔雀河畔59块样地的调查数据.应用重要值计算了天然植物多样性指数、均匀度指数、丰富度指数、优势度指数,并分析了流域天然植物多样性与地下水的关系.结果表明:①孔雀河上游至下游,土壤pH值增加,在土壤pH<8.56时,植物丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数增加,植物种类、数目及平均盖度增加,长势良好,反之则降低;②随离河距离增加,地下水埋深和土壤盐分含量增加,离河50m处,植物多样性指数较大,离河300m处植物多样性指数较低,离河650m处由于有人工灌溉,多样性指数又较大;③地下水埋深、土壤盐分、土壤pH值是影响孔雀河畔植物多样性变化的主导因素,地下水埋深<3.6m、土壤pH值<8.56是适合天然植物生长的双重临界指标,低地下冰埋深、高土壤pH值和重度盐渍化是植物多样性低的诱因,对下游河道进行间歇性输水和对周边有天然植物分布的农田适时大水漫灌,将有利于河畔脆弱生态系统的保护.     

石家庄平原区灌溉粮田增产对地下水的影响研究

本文通过对石家庄平原区粮食产量和地下水开采量及埋深动态变化特征的分析,揭示了粮食产量增加对地下水的影响机制。结果表明,除丰水年和枯水年份外,研究区地下水埋深不随主要补给项降水量的增减而表现出明显的增减变化,而与主要排泄项开采量关系密切,表现出明显的开采特性。小麦玉米产量的增加是驱动地下水开采量和埋深变化的根本动因,1982年以前,小麦玉米产量每增加1×104t,开采地下水量将增加1400×104m3,地下水埋深增加0.0448m;从1982年开始,小麦玉米产量每增加1×104t,地下水累积超采量平均增加3000×104m3,地下水埋深增加0.0705m。     

基于水分的北方农牧交错带植被生态系统退化机理研究——以武川县为例

水是北方农牧交错带最关键的生态环境因子,水资源与生态环境之间的相互关系和相互影响很大程度上决定了北方农牧交错带的环境状况与环境动态。文章从生态缺水的角度,以内蒙古自治区武川县为例,探讨了生态系统退化机理,为北方农牧交错带的生态恢复与重建提供科学依据。研究结果表明,生态缺水是造成北方农牧交错带植被生态系统退化的主要原因。2006年武川县天然草地、灌木、乔木、农作物生长季平均耗水量分别为150.3mm、193.4mm、213.3mm、158.6mm,最小生态缺水量分别为93.1mm、38.2mm、251.5mm、96.6mm,植被生态系统继续向退化方向演替。合理调整植物品种结构,配置有限的水资源是当地生态恢复与重建的紧迫任务。     

基于水分的北方农牧交错带植被生态系统退化机理研究

水是北方农牧交错带最关键的生态环境因子,水资源与生态环境之间的相互关系和相互影响很大程度上决定了北方农牧交错带的环境状况与环境动态.文章从生态缺水的角度,以内蒙古自治区武川县为例,探讨了生态系统退化机理,为北方农牧交错带的生态恢复与重建提供科学依据.研究结果表明,生态缺水是造成北方农牧交错带植被生态系统退化的主要原因.2006年武川县天然草地、灌木、乔木、农作物生长季平均耗水量分别为150.3mm、193.4mm、213.3mm、158.6mm,最小生态缺水量分分别为93.1mm、38.2mm、251.5mm、96.6mm,植被生态系统继续向退化方向演替.合理调整植物品种结构,配置有限的水资源是当地生态恢复与重建的紧迫任务.     

铝土矿露天开采对地下水的影响及保护对策分析

淡水资源中地下水占据非常重要的位置,水资源总量中地下水资源占据30％左右。铝土矿露天开采对开采区植被的清除、剥离地表以及废弃物的堆存排放,生产所需大量用水等都会在很大程度上破坏生态环境,对地下水资源造成较大的影响。所以,如何恢复生态,对地下水资源进行合理利用,从根本上避免地下水受到污染,是目前面临的较大问题。本文就某露天铝矿开采为主要例子,对铝土矿露天采矿影响地下水的因素进行分析,筛选出主要影响因子。同时探讨如何保护地下水的相关对策。     

浅谈我国地下水资源的现状与开发策略

水资源与生态环境、能源、人口等已成为当今世界各国普遍关注的重大问题,其中地下水资源在水资源中占有举足重轻的地位,其在维持生态系统安全和生态环境建设等方面发挥着重要的作用。本文通过对我国现阶段地下水资源现状的研究与分析,从科学发展观的角度对我国地下水资源的开发利用策略提出了客观的见解,力求能够服务于我国的社会建设。     

探明地下水资源贡献能源基地建设

西安地质矿产研究所侯光才副总工程师主持的“鄂尔多斯盆地内蒙古能源基地地下水勘查”项目,于2012年3月18日在呼和浩特市通过专家评审。项目紧密结合鄂尔多斯盆地内蒙古能源基地规划建设对水资源的需求,采用创新机制和国内外先进的理论与勘查技术方法,获取了大量的原始资料,取得了一批科研成果。成果的科学性、创新性和实用性强,在大尺度地下水流系统的划分与定量刻画和地下水与植被生态关系研究等方面取得了突出成绩。     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

The Information Environment and Universal Service

This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.