高中生科学探究能力评价的公平性研究

采用纸笔测验、开放性工作单、结构性工作单、引导性工作单、现场观察等方式,对重庆市118名高一学生进行科学探究能力测评。研究表明,不同性质学校的学生在开放性工作单、结构性工作单和纸笔测验中表现均存在显著性差异,而在引导性工作单和现场观察中表现差异均不显著。这表明,用单一的纸笔测验评价学生的科学探究能力对于不同成长环境的学生显得不公平,用引导性工作单或者现场观察评价学生的科学探究能力更具有公平性。     

高中生科学探究能力评价方式的有效性研究

本研究采用纸笔测验、开放性工作单、结构性工作单、引导性工作单、现场观察对重庆市118名高一学生进行科学探究能力测评,以此来研究这五种评价方式对不同性别、成长环境、成绩水平、学校性质的高中生的科学探究能力评价的有效性问题.研究表明,三种工作单和现场观察这两种评价方式可以相互替代,纸笔测验与现场观察、三种工作单都不能相互替代.比较而言,工作单比纸笔测验更加有效.在三种工作单中,结构性工作单最为有效.     

2009年中考物理试题对探究能力考查的特点探析

目前国际较为主流的科学探究能力评价方式有现场观察、工作单和纸笔测验等。尽管纸笔测验不能替代现场观察和工作单等评价方式,但由于其方便、成本低、评分者信度高等特点而被大规模采用。有学者通过相关研究发现,科学探究能力确实可以通过笔试测验的方式进行评价,并且也有不少学者研究了通过纸笔评价科学探究能力的有效性及归类问题等。本文从数据统计的角度出发,探讨2009年物理学科的中考试题在评价科学探究能力方面的特点及规律。     

基于纸笔测验的科学探究能力评价的有效性研究

本研究分别用工作单和纸笔测验来评价178名初三学生的科学探究能力.研究发现,纸笔测验的个别探究要素试题既不能替代工作单的对等探究要素,也不能替代工作单整体,而且纸笔测验整体也不能替代工作单整体,这意味着纸笔测验不能有效评价科学探究能力.     

初中生科学探究能力评价的公平性问题研究

一、引言在国际上,一般把与纸笔测验相对立的评价方式称为表现性评价。科学探究能力的表现性评价主要包括现场观察和工作单。有研究者认为,现场观察和工作单是比纸笔测验更加有效的关于科学探究能力评价的评价方式。然而,一些研究者却从评     

基于引导性工作单的科学探究能力评价

针对目前我国各门科学课程只采用单一的纸笔测验来评价学生科学探究能力的现状,本研究构建了一种新的评价方式——引导性工作单,以研究学生在这种评价方式中的表现水平及特点.结果发现,引导性工作单对探究教学的初级阶段是合适的;同时也发现,学生在制订计划、实施计划、概括结论等三个要素上出现较多问题,而且学生实施计划与制订计划不完全一致,这些都表明了真实情境中科学探究的复杂性,而这些复杂性是纸笔测验难以发现的.     

国外科学探究评价方法及其启示

世界各国的科学课程改革均把科学探究作为重要课程目标,主流的科学探究能力评价方法有现场观察、工作单和纸笔测验等.     

基于工作单的科学探究能力评价研究

一、引言 新课程提倡科学探究,并强调以多种方式来评价学生的科学探究能力：然而,迄今为止,我国仍然只采用被国际公认为低效的纸笔测验来评价学生的科学探究能力。在国际上,工作单是评价科学探究能力的主流方式,即让一群学生各自动手探究,同时把探究过程和结果写在一个单子上,     

科学探究能力的评价方法

科学探究能力的评价有不同方法,这些方法各有特点。纸笔测量成本低但效度也低,现场观察效度高但成本也高,而工作单的效度和成本介于两者之间。工作单又有开放性工作单、结构性工作单和引导性工作单之分,其中结构性工作单与现场观察的可交换性最大。     

基于工作单的科学探究能力评价的有效性研究

分别用现场观察和工作单来评价178名初三学生的科学探究能力,以研究工作单对现场观察的替代性,即工作单对科学探究能力评价的有效性。研究发现,工作单的三个探究任务,甚至一个探究任务,或工作单三个探究任务的进行实验要素集合、概括结论要素集合能替代现场观察等。这些发现表明了工作单能有效替代现场观察,意味着工作单能有效评价科学探究能力。     

Establishing the Criterion-related,Construct, and Content Validities of a Simulation-based Assessment of Inquiry Abilities

The emphasis on scientific inquiry has increased the importance in developing the fundamental abilities to conduct scientific investigations and urged a need for valid assessments of students' inquiry abilities. We took advantage of the advanced technology to develop a simulation-based assessment of inquiry abilities (SAIA) that allowed students to generate scientific explanations and demonstrate their experimental abilities. This paper describes the validation of the assessment. Data were collected from 48 12th-grade students at a local high school who were categorized into three groups based on their program majors. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were utilized to validate SAIA. The quantitative results showed that SAIA was aligned with a validated reasoning-skill test (criterion-related validity), discriminated variance among different groups (construct validity), and was highly suitable for examining inquiry abilities (content validity). Additionally, we utilized the think-aloud technique in order to identify the performances exhibited by students while they accomplished the SAIA tasks. The protocol analysis indicated that in general, students demonstrated the expected abilities in SAIA and that their SAIA scores accurately reflected their performance levels of inquiry abilities. The results suggested that SAIA was a valid assessment for evaluating the inquiry abilities of high school students. This study also provided systemic strategies for validating simulation-based assessments.     

Exploring the pedagogical features of integrating essential competencies of scientific inquiry in classroom teaching

ABSTRACT

Background: As inquiry-based instruction is not universally implemented in science classrooms, it is crucial to introduce instructional strategies through the use of contextualized learning activities to allow students with different background knowledge and abilities to learn the essential competencies of scientific inquiry and promote their emotional perception and engagement.

Purpose: This study explores how essential scientific competencies of inquiry can be integrated into classroom teaching practices and investigates both typical and gifted secondary students’ emotional perception and engagement in learning activities.

Sample: A case teacher along with 226 typical and 18 gifted students from a suburban secondary school at Taiwan participated in this study.

Design and methods: After attending twelve 3-hour professional development workshops that focused on scientific inquiry teaching, the case teacher voluntarily developed and elaborated her own teaching activities through the discussions and feedback that she received from workshop participants and science educators. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through activity worksheet, questionnaire, video camera, and tape recorders. Frequency distribution, Mann-Whitney U test, and discourse analysis were used for data analyses.

Results: Case teacher’s teaching activities provide contextual investigations that allow students to practice making hypotheses, planning investigations, and presenting and evaluating findings. Students’ learning outcomes reveal that typical students can engage in inquiry-based learning with positive emotional perception as well as gifted students regardless of their ability level. Both gifted and typical students’ positive emotional perception of and active engagement in learning provide fresh insight into feasible instructions for teachers who are interested in inquiry-based teaching but have little available time to implement such instructions into their classrooms.

Conclusions: The results of our work begin to address the critical issues of inquiry-based teaching by providing an exemplary teaching unit encompassing essential scientific competencies     

工作单：一种有效评价科学过程技能的工具

工作单是国际科学教育界评价科学过程技能的一种重要工具。它要求学习者对探究过程进行科学、真实地记录,可分为开放性工作单、结构性工作单和引导性工作单三种类型。本文试从工作单收集评价信息的全面性、记录探究过程的有效性与可靠性和低成本三方面论述工作单的优点和可行性,以期在教学实践中推广使用。     

Investigating the effects of structured and guided inquiry on students’ development of conceptual knowledge and inquiry abilities: a case study in Taiwan

In order to promote scientific inquiry in secondary schooling in Taiwan, the study developed a computer-based inquiry curriculum (including structured and guided inquiry units) and investigated how the curriculum influenced students’ science learning. The curriculum was implemented in 5 junior secondary schools in the context of a weeklong summer science course with 117 students. We first used a multi-level assessment approach to evaluate the students’ learning outcomes with the curriculum. Then, a path analysis approach was adopted for investigating at different assessment levels how the curriculum as a whole and how different types of inquiry units affected the students’ development of conceptual understandings and inquiry abilities. The results showed that the curriculum was effective in enhancing the students’ conceptual knowledge and inquiry abilities in the contexts of the six scientific topics. After the curriculum, they were able to construct interconnected scientific knowledge. The path diagrams suggested that, due to different instructional designs, the structured and guided inquiry units appeared to support the students’ learning of the topics in different ways. More importantly, they demonstrated graphically how the learning of content knowledge and inquiry ability mutually influenced one another and were reciprocally developed in a computer-based inquiry learning environment.     

Exploring the Impacts of Cognitive and Metacognitive Prompting on Students’ Scientific Inquiry Practices Within an E-Learning Environment

This study explores the effects of metacognitive and cognitive prompting on the scientific inquiry practices of students with various levels of initial metacognition. Two junior high school classes participated in this study. One class, the experimental group (n?=?26), which received an inquiry-based curriculum with a combination of cognitive and metacognitive prompts, was compared to the other class, the comparison group (n?=?25), which received only cognitive prompts in the same curriculum. Data sources included a test of inquiry practices, a questionnaire of metacognition, and worksheets. The results showed that the mixed cognitive and metacognitive prompts had significant impacts on the students’ inquiry practices, especially their planning and analyzing abilities. Furthermore, the mixed prompts appeared to have a differential effect on those students with lower level metacognition, who showed significant improvement in their inquiry abilities. A combination of cognitive and metacognitive prompts during an inquiry cycle was found to promote students’ inquiry practices.     

科学探究能力评价的适切性研究

采用引导性和开放性探究任务,评价1200名初三学生的科学探究能力,以研究在两类任务情境中科学探究能力评价的差异及适切性。研究发现,引导性探究任务没有构成一个产生式系统,它适合于评价初级的离散科学探究能力;开放性探究任务构成一个复杂的产生式系统,它适合于评价高级的完整科学探究能力。这些发现表明,在科学探究能力评价中,开放程度不同的探究任务有各自的适用情况不能相互替代。     

Effects of explicit and implicit prompts on students’ inquiry practices in computer-supported learning environments in high school earth science

The study explored how to best use scaffolds for supporting students’ inquiry practices in computer-supported learning environments. We designed a series of inquiry units assisted with three versions of written inquiry prompts (generic and context-specific); that is, three scaffold-fading conditions: implicit, explicit, and fading. We then examined how the three scaffold-fading conditions influenced students’ conceptual understanding, understanding of scientific inquiry, and inquiry abilities. Three grade-10 classes (N?=?105) participated in this study; they were randomly assigned to and taught in the three conditions. Data-collection procedures included a pretest–posttest approach and in-depth observations of the target students. The findings showed that after these inquiry units, all of the students exhibited significant learning gains in conceptual knowledge and performed better inquiry abilities regardless of which condition was used. The explicit and fading conditions were more effective in enhancing students’ understanding of scientific inquiry. The fading condition tended to better support the students’ development of inquiry abilities and help transfer these abilities to a new setting involving an independent socioscientific task about where to build a dam. The results suggest that fading plays an essential role in enhancing the effectiveness of scaffolds.     

科学思维：小学科学教学的价值追求

对学生进行科学思维的培养应成为科学课的价值追求。科学思维是一种建立在事实、逻辑和不断验证基础之上的思维方式,是理性主义和实践主义相结合的一种认识客观世界的方式。目前,科学教学存在把科学探究等同于科学思维、满足于得出简单的科学结论等误区。培养学生的科学思维能力,应重视科学观察活动,发展学生的科学思维;摆脱形式主义的探究活动,激发学生的科学思维;暴露学生日常思维的缺陷,培养学生的科学思维。