谈初级阶段的语文教学(续)

俄语教学的第二个目的是掌握由人民和著作家创造的语言的形式。但是,要弄清楚这个目的,要知道达到这个目的的手段,首先就应该明了,我们要教的那个人民的语言究竟是什么东西。 人民的语言不是一个人的语言能力的创造性才干所创造出的产物,也不是一个人一生所创造的产物,而是无数人、无数代的创造性才干所创造的产物。 人民在数千年的过程中,在亿万个个体之中,用语言形成自己的思想和感情。国家的自然环境和人民的历史反映在人的心中,并借助于语言表达出来。人是会消逝的,但他创造的言词却是不朽的,是人民语言用     

Measuring the attitudes of human service professionals toward deafness

The Attitudes to Deafness Scale is a 22-item measure of attitudes toward people who are deaf designed for use with human service professionals. Attitude statements were generated from personal accounts by deaf people in the literature and from a focus group in which deaf people discussed their experience of hearing people's attitudes toward them. A 60-item scale was administered to a group of 121 clinical and forensic psychologists during their training. Item analysis was conducted to select items that effectively distinguished participants with a positive attitude from those with a negative attitude toward deaf people. The scale may be used in any context where a professional group comes into contact with people who are deaf.     

计划出走

克劳迪娅知道自己决不可能采用传统的那种背着背包,然后怒气冲冲离家出走的模式.她讨厌不舒服的感觉,连野餐时的不干净和不便,都令她无法忍受.草丛间四处飞舞的昆虫,以及被炙热的阳光融化掉的小蛋糕上的奶油……这些都足以让她发疯.因此,她决定这次离家出走不仅仅是从某个地方逃走而已,她要逃到一个更大、更舒服的地方,而且必须是室内,最好是个美丽的地方.……     

高等教育第三项使命的转变——文本分析的视角

一直以来．高等教育主要承担着三项重要的使命．这已得到高等教育机构的广泛认同。在传统概念上．经常表达为教学、研究和服务（teaching，research and service），现在更常用的提法是学习、探索和参与（learning，discovery and engagement）。前两项使命相对容易理解与定义，而对于第三项使命存在许多不同的提法或表达方式：扩大（outreach），服务，终身学习，合作，经济发展，等等。本文采用四分类框架研究大学的战略规划．以更好地认识高校对第三项使命的理解。本文主要详细考察了四分类框架中的分类一，即第三项使命的最初目的。     

教师的个人品质

作为教师需要具备哪些品质?也许可能没有哪两个人会列举出完全相同的几条,但是我认为下面几条会得到大家赞许的。首先,作为教师的性格要愉快、活泼,并具有吸引力。这并不排除相貌平平甚至丑陋者,因为这些人当中不少性格是很可爱的。但应该排除下列类型的人:太容易激动的,忧     

俄罗斯高等教育现代化进程中的质量问题

在欧洲高等教育一体化进程的影响下,正在经历转折阶段的俄罗斯高等教育领域开展了国家统一考试和国家记名投资试验,并开始实行学分制,但这些举措在实施过程中还存在一系列问题,需要做大量的工作,以切实保障高等教育的现代化、国际化的实现,提高高等教育质量。     

Adolescent, parent, and observer perceptions of parenting: genetic and environmental influences on shared and distinct perceptions

Agreement among reporters on features of family life, whether family members or outside observers, is considered to be low. This study, which involved a national sample of 720 families comprised of identical and fraternal twins, full siblings, half siblings, and biologically unrelated stepsiblings, examined the issue of low interrater agreement by decomposing the common and unique variance among parent, child, and observer reports of parenting behaviors (warmth and negativity) into genetic and environmental factors. Quantitative genetic analyses were employed to decompose the "Social" level of perception (common variance among parents, children, observers), the level of "Family" subculture (common variance only among parents and children), and the unique "Individual" level into genetic and environmental components. It was predicted that genetic factors would account for substantial portions of the variance at the Social and Family levels; nonshared environmental factors were expected to influence variance unique to child reports; and shared environmental factors were expected to influence variance unique to parent reports. A second and related aim of the study was to examine the subjective-objective dimension of genetic effects on measures of the environment. Results of model-fitting analyses generally supported the predictions for parental warmth and negativity at the Family and Individual levels. At the Social level, genetic factors were predominant for parental negativity and shared environmental factors for parental warmth. The findings are discussed in terms of genetically influenced child effects on parenting and methodological difficulties in constructing latent variables.     

Meta-analysis of theory-of-mind development: the truth about false belief

Research on theory of mind increasingly encompasses apparently contradictory findings. In particular, in initial studies, older preschoolers consistently passed false-belief tasks-a so-called "definitive" test of mental-state understanding-whereas younger children systematically erred. More recent studies, however, have found evidence of false-belief understanding in 3-year-olds or have demonstrated conditions that improve children's performance. A meta-analysis was conducted (N = 178 separate studies) to address the empirical inconsistencies and theoretical controversies. When organized into a systematic set of factors that vary across studies, false-belief results cluster systematically with the exception of only a few outliers. A combined model that included age, country of origin, and four task factors (e.g., whether the task objects were transformed in order to deceive the protagonist or not) yielded a multiple R of .74 and an R2 of .55; thus, the model accounts for 55% of the variance in false-belief performance. Moreover, false-belief performance showed a consistent developmental pattern, even across various countries and various task manipulations: preschoolers went from below-chance performance to above-chance performance. The findings are inconsistent with early competence proposals that claim that developmental changes are due to tasks artifacts, and thus disappear in simpler, revised false-belief tasks; and are, instead, consistent with theoretical accounts that propose that understanding of belief, and, relatedly, understanding of mind, exhibit genuine conceptual change in the preschool years.     

X祖父

在那辆干净但年月已久的雪佛兰轿车里,我夹坐在两位表姐妹中间,在用布料和塑料制成的座位上不停地被抛上抛下。祖父牢牢地抓紧驾驶盘并把车停在一间