Connecting inside out: Development of the social brain in infants and toddlers with a focus on myelination as a marker of brain maturation

Early childhood is a sensitive period for learning and social skill development. The maturation of cerebral regions underlying social processing lays the foundation for later social-emotional competence. This study explored myelin changes in social brain regions and their association with changes in parent-rated social-emotional development in a cohort of 129 children (64 females, 0–36 months, 77 White). Results reveal a steep increase in myelination throughout the social brain in the first 3 years of life that is significantly associated with social-emotional development scores. These findings add knowledge to the emerging picture of social brain development by describing neural underpinnings of human social behavior. They can contribute to identifying age-/stage-appropriate early life factors in this developmental domain.     

Does modality matter? A latent profile and transition analysis of sedentary behaviours among school-aged youth: The UP&DOWN study

ABSTRACT

The aims of this study were to identify profiles of sedentary behaviour (SB) patterns, based on leisure-time self-reported SB modalities (screen, educative, social, and relaxing) and to evaluate changes in these profiles over 2 years among Spanish youth aged 8–18 years. Latent profile analysis (LPA), a data-driven analytic approach, was used to identify groups of boys and girls (n = 1553; 48% girls; mean±SD age: 12.56 ± 2.49 y) with distinct SB profiles using the SB modalities (time/d) as input variables. Latent transition analysis, an extension of LPA that uses longitudinal data, was used to analyse 2-year changes in these profiles. At baseline, four and three SB profiles were found among boys (labelled: screen, educative, social, and relaxing) and girls (labelled: screen/social, educative, and relaxing), respectively. Overall, more girls (range: 48%-67%) had the same profile over time, than boys (40%-52%). Participants with a screen or relaxing SB profile at baseline were more likely to have an educative profile after 2 years. Youth with a social and an educative SB profile at baseline were more likely to transition to profiles characterized by higher screen and social SB, respectively. Using a novel and person-centered approach, this study identified gender-specific SB profiles that were moderately stable over time.     

运动因子在心血管功能中的调控作用及相关机制研究进展

心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)是包括动脉粥样硬化、心力衰竭、心脏缺血后再灌注损伤和心肌梗死等血管和心脏的复杂病症。血管内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞和心肌细胞生理功能障碍是诱发CVD的关键因素。研究表明,运动能够对心脏和动脉的形态、功能起到积极的调控作用,可作为CVD非药物疗法的重要手段之一。运动可通过调控多种运动因子的表达水平,如肌肉分泌的Fstl1、Irisin和MSTN,脂肪分泌的Omentin、Apelin、CTRP3和CTRP9,肝脏分泌的FGF21、ANGPTL3和ANGPTL4等,进而调控血管内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞和心肌细胞的分化、增殖和凋亡,从而发挥其防治CVD作用。本文试图梳理肌肉、脂肪和肝脏分泌的运动因子与调控心脏和动脉功能之间的相关信号通路及其机制,为运动干预防治CVD提供新的思路。     

Digital Module 16: Longitudinal Data Analysis

In this digital ITEMS module, Dr. Jeffrey Harring and Ms. Tessa Johnson introduce the linear mixed effects (LME) model as a flexible general framework for simultaneously modeling continuous repeated measures data with a scientifically defensible function that adequately summarizes both individual change as well as the average response. The module begins with a nontechnical overview of longitudinal data analyses drawing distinctions with cross-sectional analyses in terms of research questions to be addressed. Nuances of longitudinal designs, timing of measurements, and the real possibility of missing data are then discussed. The three interconnected components of the LME model—(1) a model for individual and mean response profiles, (2) a model to characterize the covariation among the time-specific residuals, and (3) a set of models that summarize the extent that individual coefficients vary—are discussed in the context of the set of activities comprising an analysis. Finally, they demonstrate how to estimate the linear mixed effects model within an open-source environment (R). The digital module contains sample R code, diagnostic quiz questions, hands-on activities in R, curated resources, and a glossary.     

高校扩招后体育教学质量下降的原因分析及对策

运用综合研究方法，对扩大招生后广西10所高校体育教学情况进行了问卷调查，并对调查结果进行相关分析。发现影响体育教学质量的主要因素为运动场地、设施；师资力量；生源质量；教学管理水平。提出：加大体育经费投入，改善运动场地、设施；加强体育师资的建设与管理；因材施教，实施学分制；提高体育教学的管理水平。制定科学的教学质量评估体系，是稳定和提高体育教学质量的重要举措。     

家族尚武传统对毛泽东的影响

运用献资料法和解释学的方法，通过家族尚武传统对毛泽东个性、思想观念形成与发展的分析和研究，得出尚武是毛泽东个人性格中一个根本的特征并在每个转折关头都能看到的结论。     

校体联合——过渡时期高水平运动队的办学模式

运用文献资料法和逻辑法,分析对比了中、美办高水平运动队的状况,认为我国大部分普通高校尚未完全具备办高水平运动队的条件,与体工队联合办队是过渡时期普通高校办高水平运动队的较好模式,并对这种办学方法提出了一系列建议,以期为健全我国高校高水平运动队办学模式提供一定的参考依据。     

湖北土家族3～6岁幼儿体质研究

为了了解湖北土家族城乡 3～ 6岁幼儿的体质现状 ,通过对土家族儿童进行身体形态和机能指标的测试 ,结果表明 ,与全国平均值比较 ,湖北土家族儿童的形态指标较差 ,机能指标有优有劣。     

蹼泳竞赛成绩管理系统研究

本文采用ＦＯＸＢＡＳＥ２．０进行编程，通过对蹼泳比赛“千分表”的研究，研制了一套适合于蹼泳竞赛的中、英文成绩管理系统。该系统操作简单，速度快，已成功地应用于１９９５年全国蹼泳锦标赛和第四届亚洲蹼泳锦标赛，大大地减轻了裁判员的劳动强度，加快了记录编排的速度。同时该系统易于维护，能很方便地推广到其它比赛项目的成绩管理。