正念训练对青少年射击运动员心理疲劳影响的实验研究

目的：分析正念训练对射击运动员心理疲劳的影响，旨在为射击运动员心理疲劳的调整及提高运动表现提供参考。方法：选取24名具有心理疲劳的青年男性射击运动员为研究对象，随机分为实验组和对照组，实验组进行为期7周的正念训练干预，对照组在同时间里聆听自己喜欢的舒缓放松的音乐，对两组运动员干预前后的心理疲劳状态、正念水平和接受水平进行分析。结果：干预前，对照组和实验组运动员心理疲劳程度、正念水平和接受水平组间得分均无显著性差异（P>0.05）。对照组运动员干预前后比较，心理疲劳程度、正念水平和接受水平得分均无显著性差异（P>0.05）；实验组运动员干预后与干预前比较，心理疲劳程度的三个维度得分和总分均显著降低（P<0.05），正念水平的五个维度得分和总分均显著升高（P<0.05），接受水平得分显著降低（P<0.05）；干预后实验组运动员的心理疲劳程度得分和接受水平得分显著低于对照组（P<0.05），正念水平得分显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：正念训练能够有效缓解青少年射击运动员心理疲劳程度。     

运动员的完美主义可以预测心理疲劳吗

旨在利用典型相关方法探讨运动员完美主义与运动心理疲劳之间的关系.采用《运动领域完美主义量表》(MPS-S-C)和《运动员心理疲劳问卷》(ABQ)对119名现役运动员进行调查.结果表明:(1)运动员完美主义与心理疲劳之间存在相关.从典型相关看,外趋型完美主义者在知觉教练压力和关注错误中表现突出,更容易产生心理疲劳,包括成就感降低、情绪体力耗竭和运动的负性评价;内趋型完美主义者在关注错误和反复思考上表现突出,更容易出现成就感降低的心理疲劳现象.(2)运动员呈现较高的完美主义特质;运动员的心理疲劳主要体现在成就感降低和情绪体力耗竭上,对运动的认知评价较积极.     

心理干预对优秀古典式摔跤运动员赛前心理状态的影响

选取参加中华人民共和国第10届运动会古典式摔跤17名运动员为研究对象,进行3个月的赛前心理干预.选择焦虑、心理疲劳以及心境指标对运动员心理干预效果进行评价.结果表明,监控组运动员比对照组运动员心理疲劳程度明显降低,表现在监控组运动员成就感明显增强和运动的负评价明显降低;心境状态较对照组运动员更加稳定,表现在TMD、紧张、愤怒、抑郁和慌乱明显降低,监控组运动员认知状态焦虑比对照组运动员更低.实验后运动员心理疲劳程度较实验前降低,表现在实验后运动员成就感明显增强;实验后运动员心境状态更加稳定,表现在TMD、紧张、愤怒、疲劳和抑郁明显降低;实验后运动员状态自信心明显升高.个性化心理调控后,运动员心理疲劳、心境状态和焦虑状态都较好地改善,从而有效保持和促进运动员最佳竞技心理状态的形成,进而提高运动员的竞技能力.     

愤怒特质足球运动员对情绪面孔注意偏向特点的研究

在情绪面孔呈现时间为阈上和阈下2种情况下,探讨高愤怒特质足球运动员是否对负性情绪面孔有注意偏向。方法:根据愤怒特质量表将足球运动员分为高愤怒特质组和低愤怒特质组,采用点探测范式测量其对情绪面孔的注意偏向,记录反应时数据。结果:面孔图片呈现时间为阈上时,高愤怒特质足球运动员对愤怒面孔异侧的反应时显著慢于愤怒面孔同侧的探测刺激,即高愤怒特质运动员出现了对愤怒面孔的注意偏向;而低愤怒特质运动员不同情绪面孔与异侧反应时无显著差异。面孔图片呈现时间为阈下时,高、低愤怒特质运动员不同情绪面孔与异侧反应时无显著差异。结论:只有当情绪面孔呈现时间为阈上时,高愤怒特质运动员才会表现出对愤怒面孔的注意偏向。     

特质焦虑运动员对情绪信息的注意偏向

探讨特质焦虑运动员的注意偏向特点及其作用机制.筛选高特质焦虑运动员和低特质焦虑运动员各32名作为实验对象,以情绪词(负性词、中性词和正性词)为刺激材料,进行点探测任务和线索靶子实验任务.结果表明:1)高特质焦虑运动员对负性情绪词附近靶子的反应时显著短于中性词附近靶子的反应时,而低特质焦虑运动员对两种类型的情绪词附近靶子的反应时与中性词附近靶子的反应时之间均无显著性差异;2)高特质焦虑运动员在有效线索情况下的反应时没有差异,而在无效线索情况下对以负性情绪词为线索的靶子反应时显著长于以中性和正性情绪词为线索的靶子反应时.高特质焦虑运动员对负性情绪信息表现出注意偏向,这种注意偏向是一种注意的解除困难.     

网球运动员击球线路预判能力及ERP特征研究

以网球比赛相持阶段为背景,将43名被试分为专家组、二级组、新手组,运用时间阻断技术记录被试在不同时机判断击球线路的行为特征及事件相关电位.结果显示:专家网球运动员在对手击球前80 ms表现出明显的反应速度优势,在各时间点预判准确率均明显高于新手;在实验材料呈现早期,顶枕区诱发出明显的P1成分,且专家组波幅最小;专家和二级运动员的N1波幅小于新手;专家组N200潜伏期最长;新手组P300潜伏期最长;各组被试大脑左半球800～1 900ms的晚期慢波的平均波幅均高于右半球;在500～700ms,800～1000ms,1 400～3 000ms时窗内,专家组和新手组在各脑区诱发LNC和LPP的平均波幅均有显著差异;在对方触球前80 ms做出预判时,专家组诱发的N250成分峰值最大,新手组N250潜伏期最长.这一结果说明,专家网球运动员能在信息量呈现尚不完整时把握有利时机,决策反应既快又准;专家运动员在对刺激任务的感知阶段投入的脑资源少,而将更多的认知资源分配于对刺激材料的类比、加工阶段,使之能够快速提取、整合信息,及时调整策略,做出决策,表现出明显的认知优势.     

篮球、蹦床运动员在辨别任务中的返回抑制时程特征

采用辨别任务形式比较运动员与普通大学生的返回抑制时程特征.实验为"3×2×3"的混合设计,组间变量为被试组别(篮球运动员、蹦床运动员和普通大学生各16人),组内变量依次为靶子位置(线索化位置和非线索化位置)和线索化开始到靶子出现的时间间隔(SOA,400、600、800 ms).结果发现:篮球运动员、蹦床运动员和普通大学生分别在SOA为400、800和600 ms开始出现返回抑制.说明与普通大学生相比,篮球运动员表现出较强的抑制效应,能在较短的SOA中出现返回抑制,而蹦床运动员没有表现出返回抑制能力的优势,需要在更长的SOA中才能出现返回抑制.返回抑制对篮球运动员的心理选材和训练监控、定向具有一定的参考价值.     

诱发性注意偏向对焦虑易感性运动员的影响研究

目的:探讨在运动领域中注意偏向与焦虑易感性之间是否存在因果关系,即如果改变焦虑易感性运动员的注意偏向是否能改变其焦虑易感性.方法:根据状态--特质焦虑问卷和运动竞赛焦虑测验问卷调查的得分筛选出26名焦虑易感性运动员并随机分成两组作为被试,采用点探测实验范式在注意训练阶段进行不同的训练:一组探测点总是出现在之前负性词所处位置(负训组),一组探测点总是出现在之前中性词所处位置(中训组).比较两组注意训练前、后阶段对不同极性情绪词语的反应时有无差异.此外还对点探测实验前、后心境量表报告的焦虑水平及完成压力任务的情况进行比较分析.结果:1)注意训练前,两组均对负性情绪刺激的反应更快.训练后,负训组与训练前相同;而中训组对中性情绪刺激的反应更快,与训练前相反;2)注意训练前,两组完成压力任务的成绩及压力下焦虑得分的升幅均无差异.训练后,负训组与训练前无显著差异;而中训组答题数量明显增多,压力下焦虑得分的升幅明显下降,与训练前均存在显著差异.结论:1)焦虑易感性运动员的注意偏向可以通过点探测训练方法诱发产生而改变;2)诱发性注意偏向能够改变焦虑易感性运动员在面对应激事件时的焦虑水平及行为表现.     

运动员赛前心境状态及其影响因素研究

利用简式心境状态量表(POMS)中国修订版，对深圳市运动员进行了问卷调查，旨在探讨运动员赛前的心境状态及其影响因素。结果显示：有较高比例的运动员赛前情绪处于不良状态；不同运动等级的运动员在自尊感方面有显著性差异；不同性别的运动员的心境状态有显著性差异；来自城市的运动员和来自农村的运动员在抑郁因子上有显著性差异；不同年龄、项目的主效应不显著，但在疲劳、抑郁以及自尊感方面交互作用明显。     

自我损耗与锻炼规律性对负性情绪图片注意偏向的影响

试图研究自我损耗与锻炼规律性对负性情绪图片注意偏向的影响。采用了2（自我损耗：高、低）×2（锻炼规律性：有、无）×2（探测点位置：一致,不一致）三因素重复测量设计,统计分析了56名被试在完成负性情绪面孔的点探测任务时的反应时与N1、P1、N2、P3等ERP成分。结果发现：高自我损耗比低自我损耗表现出对负性情绪图片更明显的注意偏向,且在无规律锻炼条件下,高自我损耗比低自我损耗表现出对负性情绪图片更明显的注意偏向,在有规律锻炼条件下,高低自我损耗对负性情绪图片的注意偏向无差异;无规律锻炼比有规律锻炼表现出对负性情绪图片更明显的注意偏向。     

Longitudinal trajectories of athlete burnout among young table tennis players: A 3-wave study

PurposeThe purposes of this study were to examine the trajectories of athlete burnout across a 2-month period characterized by high physical, psychological, and social demands to explore (1) whether several subgroups of athletes representing distinct burnout trajectories emerged from the analyses and (2) whether athlete burnout symptoms (reduced accomplishment, sport devaluation, and exhaustion) developed in tandem or whether some burnout dimensions predicted downstream changes in other dimensions (causal ordering model).MethodsOne hundred and fifty-nine table tennis players in intensive training centers completed a self-reported athlete burnout measure across 3 time points within a 2-month period characterized by high demands. Data were analyzed through latent class growth analysis.ResultsResults of latent class growth analysis showed 3 distinct trajectories for each athlete burnout dimension, indicating not only linear or quadratic change but also stability in longitudinal athlete burnout perceptions. Results also suggested that the 3 dimensions of athlete burnout did not develop in tandem. Rather, the likelihood of belonging to particular emerging trajectories of sport devaluation and physical/emotional exhaustion was significantly influenced by the athletes' perception of reduced accomplishment assessed at Time 1. Thus, reduced accomplishment predicted downstream changes in the 2 other athlete burnout dimensions.ConclusionAs a whole, these results highlighted that the multinomial heterogeneity in longitudinal athlete burnout symptoms needs to be accounted for in future research.     

A reciprocal effects model of the temporal ordering of motivation and burnout among youth table tennis players in intensive training settings

Abstract

Using self-determination theory (SDT) (Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum) as the theoretical framework, we conducted a longitudinal investigation of the temporal ordering between motivation and burnout among youth athletes in intensive training setting. Data were collected from 145 table tennis players in intensive training centres at three time points during a 2-month period characterised by a simultaneous increase in social, physical and psychological demands for these athletes. Structural equation modelling of cross-lagged panel models was used to test the hypotheses. Results showed significant paths leading from athlete burnout – especially sport devaluation and reduced sense of accomplishment – at time 1 to amotivation, intrinsic and extrinsic motivations at times 2 and 3. Only two significant paths leading from motivation (introjected regulation at time 1) to burnout (emotional/physical exhaustion at time 2 and reduced sense of accomplishment at time 3) were identified. Overall, our results suggest that athlete burnout predicts motivation over time but motivation did not predict athlete burnout over time. Results are discussed in terms of current research findings on SDT.     

Implicit and explicit attitudes towards sport among young elite athletes with high versus low burnout symptoms

The development of cynical attitudes towards elite sport is a core symptom of athlete burnout and has been associated with dropout from elite sport. To date, this phenomenon has mainly been studied by investigating explicit attitudes towards sport, whereas athletes’ automatic evaluations (i.e. implicit attitudes) that have been shown to influence behavior as well were not considered. This study aimed to compare explicit and implicit attitudes towards sport of young elite athletes with high (N = 24) versus low (N = 26) burnout symptoms. Using self-reported measures, general and athlete burnout symptoms were assessed. Additionally, a single-target implicit association test was administered to examine participants’ automatic evaluation of sport. Statistical analysis revealed greater emotional/physical exhaustion and sport devaluation in athletes reporting high compared to low burnout symptoms. Implicit attitudes towards sport did not significantly differ between the groups. Furthermore, no significant correlations were observed between different athlete burnout symptoms and implicit attitudes. Athletes with high burnout symptoms show a tendency to explicitly detach themselves from sport, thus fostering sport devaluation as a core symptom of athlete burnout. However, this process does not seem to be reflected in their implicit attitudes towards sport.     

Exploring the relationship between hope and burnout in competitive sport

Abstract

Researchers have postulated that hope may be an important factor associated with burnout. Consistent with hope theory contentions, low-hope individuals may be susceptible to burnout because they are prone to experience goal blockage, frustration, and negative affect, all of which likely increase the risk of burnout. We examined the relationship between hope and athlete burnout among 178 competitive athletes (63 females and 115 males) aged 15–20 years. Hope was significantly and negatively correlated with all three burnout subscales: emotional/physical exhaustion, a reduced sense of accomplishment, and sport devaluation. Moreover, results of a multivariate analysis of variance showed that low-hope athletes scored significantly higher than medium- and high-hope athletes on all three burnout dimensions. Finally, results revealed that agency thinking was a significant predictor of all burnout dimensions. Frustration over unmet goals and a perceived lack of agency, a characteristic of low-hope athletes, might pose a risk factor in athlete burnout, whereas being able to maintain hope appears to be associated with health and well-being.     

基本心理需要与运动员心理疲劳:自我决定理论的视角

从自我决定理论(DECI&RYAN,1985)角度解释运动员心理疲劳得到了越来越多的关注,基本心理需要理论是自我决定理论的基础。以基本心理需要与运动员心理疲劳的关系为主线,论述自我决定理论对运动员心理疲劳的解释,发现基本心理需要与心理疲劳呈负相关关系。动机是自我决定理论中不可忽略的因素,有研究指出,自我决定动机中介基本心理需要对心理疲劳的影响(LONSDALE,HODGE&ROSE,2009)。因此,阐述了以基本心理需要为基础的自我决定动机与运动员心理疲劳的关系,横向来看,高自我决定程度的动机与心理疲劳呈负相关,低自我决定程度的动机与心理疲劳呈正相关;纵向研究结果发现,动机的自我决定程度可预测心理疲劳。同时认为,从自我决定理论角度出发可以为运动员心理疲劳领域干预性研究提供思路。     

Exploring the relationship between hope and burnout in competitive sport

Researchers have postulated that hope may be an important factor associated with burnout. Consistent with hope theory contentions, low-hope individuals may be susceptible to burnout because they are prone to experience goal blockage, frustration, and negative affect, all of which likely increase the risk of burnout. We examined the relationship between hope and athlete burnout among 178 competitive athletes (63 females and 115 males) aged 15-20 years. Hope was significantly and negatively correlated with all three burnout subscales: emotional/physical exhaustion, a reduced sense of accomplishment, and sport devaluation. Moreover, results of a multivariate analysis of variance showed that low-hope athletes scored significantly higher than medium- and high-hope athletes on all three burnout dimensions. Finally, results revealed that agency thinking was a significant predictor of all burnout dimensions. Frustration over unmet goals and a perceived lack of agency, a characteristic of low-hope athletes, might pose a risk factor in athlete burnout, whereas being able to maintain hope appears to be associated with health and well-being.     

前锯肌力量训练对提高散打运动员出拳力量的实验研究

目的:研究前锯肌的力量训练对散打运动员出拳力量的影响。方法:通过以12名散打运动员为实验对象,随机分为实验组和对照组,分别采用传统的力量训练和传统的力量与前锯肌力量结合训练的方式进行8周的实验研究并对其力量训练进行监控,以及运用生物力学等方法对出拳力量进行分析,对实验前后结果进行对比分析。结果:对照组的训练效果呈显著差异(P<0.05),而实验组的训练效果呈非常显著性差异(P<0.01).结论:增强前锯肌的力量训练对运动员的出拳力量有重要的影响。此实验为散打运动员的出拳力量训练提供参考依据。     

运动员倦怠的测量与ABQ的初步修订

为寻找适合我国运动员倦怠的测量工具,在全面分析运动员倦怠测量研究文献的基础上,对运动员倦怠问卷在我国运动员中进行了试用与修订,首先,选取231名我国运动员对ABQ进行了信度和效度检验;其次,依据ABQ在我国运动员中的信度和效度检验和对部分运动员访谈的结果修订ABQ。然后,选取101名我国运动员对修订后的ABQ进行了信度和效度的检验。结果表明,1)ABQ运用于我国运动员时,其结构效度不太理想,成就感降低分量表的内部一致性信度差,造成这一结果原因可能在于受到文化价值等方面差异的影响;2)修订后的ABQ由13个条目构成,具有良好的测量学特性,是一份从应激和运动承诺的视角对运动员倦怠进行解释的问卷,可以作为进一步深入研究我国运动员倦怠的测量工具。     

The predictive ability of the frequency of perfectionistic cognitions, self-oriented perfectionism, and socially prescribed perfectionism in relation to symptoms of burnout in youth rugby players

Perfectionism has been identified as an antecedent of athlete burnout. However, to date, researchers examining the relationship between perfectionism and athlete burnout have measured perfectionism at a trait level. The work of Flett and colleagues (Flett, Hewitt, Blankstein, & Gray, 1998) suggests that perfectionism can also be assessed in terms of individual differences in the frequency with which they experience perfectionistic cognitions. The aims of this study were to: (1)examine the relationship between the frequency of perfectionistic cognitions and symptoms of athlete burnout; and (2)determine whether the frequency of perfectionistic cognitions account for additional unique variance in symptoms of athlete burnout above the variance accounted for by self-oriented and socially prescribed dimensions of perfectionism. Two-hundred and two male rugby players (mean age 18.8 years, s?=?2.9, range 16-24) were recruited from youth teams of professional and semi-professional rugby union clubs in the UK. Participants completed measures of trait perfectionism, frequency of perfectionistic cognitions, and symptoms of athlete burnout. The frequency of perfectionistic cognitions was positively related to all symptoms of athlete burnout and explained 3-4% unique variance in symptoms of athlete burnout after controlling for self-oriented and socially prescribed dimensions of perfectionism. Findings suggest that the frequency with which perfectionistic cognitions are experienced may also be an antecedent of athlete burnout. Perfectionistic cognitions should, therefore, be considered in both future models of the relationship between perfectionism and athlete burnout, as well as interventions aimed at reducing perfectionism fuelled burnout.     

间歇运动对高血压患者生存质量及血浆CRAMP的影响

目的比较大强度间歇运动和中等强度持续运动对高血压患者生存质量及血浆CRAMP的影响规律。方法26名原发性高血压患者经适应性训练后随机分为两组,分别进行中等强度的持续有氧练习(CE组)和较大强度的间歇有氧练习(IE组)16周,试验开始和结束时分别进行生存质量的评价和外周血CRAMP的测定。结果运动干预后两组患者SF-36量表各维度评分中,躯体疼痛和社会功能与干预前比较无显著性差异(P>0.05);而躯体功能、躯体角色、总体健康状况、活力、情感角色和心理健康6项指标与运动干预前比较都存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。治疗后SF-36量表各维度评分,其4项指标:总体健康状况、活力、情感角色和心理健康,IE组均高于CE组(P<0.05);IE组CRAMP在运动后出现了明显下降(P<0.05),但CE组CRAMP在运动后下降不明显(P>0.05)。结论高强度间歇运动与中等强度持续均能提高高血压患者的生存质量,但间歇运动的效果更好,且可以降低高血压患者外周血衰老信号分子CRAMP水平;间歇运动是高血压患者运动干预的重要方式。