皮划艇项目高原训练强度的监控

目的:探讨皮划艇项目高原训练强度监控的方法.方法:以9名国家皮划艇队划艇组运动员为研究对象,在到达高原第5天,利用递增强度划船测试分析不同浓度乳酸对应的船速和心率,并与上高原前3天的结果进行对比分析,同时测试高原训练期间的血红蛋白、血尿素和肌酸激酶.结果:两次递增强度划船测试表明,在相同乳酸浓度的情况下,高原训练的船速低于平原,但随着训练强度的增加,高原和平原之间的这种船速差异逐渐减小;而在相同乳酸浓度的情况下,乳酸浓度低于6mmol/L时,高原训练的心率低于平原,在乳酸浓度等于6mmol/L时,二者心率相同,乳酸浓度高于6mmol/L时,高原心率高于平原;高原训练可以提高血红蛋白水平,血尿素和肌酸激酶在高原训练期间随着训练负荷的变化而出现变化,但未出现明显的异常值.结论:利用递增强度划船测试可以确定高原训练的合理强度,不宜利用平原的船速或心率来控制高原训练强度,以此方法来确定高原训练强度,可以维持运动员良好的机能状态,并能够发挥高原低氧的促红细胞生成作用.     

女子赛艇运动员两周冬训前后血乳酸和心率的变化研究

血乳酸是评定有氧和无氧代谢能力的重要指标。本文通过观察两周冬训前后女子赛艇运动员血乳酸和心率的变化，评定运动训练对机体有氧、无氧代谢的作用效果，以及探讨递增负荷运动与血乳酸的变化关系。     

对中国优秀女子赛艇运动员动态心率无氧阈的探讨

本文对18名中国优秀女子赛艇运动员在赛艇测功仪上用逐级间歇递增负荷法,进行了动态遥测心率与血乳酸无氧阈之间关系的测试研究。发现其负荷心率拐点的输出功率与血乳酸无氧阈的输出功率呈线性关系。     

运动后乳酸清除率与运动能力的关系

测定中跑运动员、足球运动员和常人在800m全力跑后的血乳酸浓度、乳酸清除率和心率恢复率，研究无氧运动能力与最高乳酸值、心率恢复率与乳酸清除率之间的关系。结果发现：运动员的无氧耐力成绩和运动后5min血乳酸值呈显著负相关；中跑运动员较足球运动员和常人有更强的产生乳酸能力和更高的乳酸清除率；心率的恢复速度较乳酸清除率更快。说明良好的产生乳酸能力是无氧耐力成绩的重要因素，良好的乳酸清除率有利于乳酸的清除和运动后的恢复，同时运动后的心率恢复率并不能反映体内乳酸的清除情况。     

采用血乳酸个体无氧阈评价速滑运动员非冰期专项身体训练

本文运用联邦德国Kindermann教授的“个体无氧阈”概念的理论,采用递增负荷的方法,在我省优秀速滑运动员的非冰期身体训练中,用美国产YSI—23L血乳酸快速分析仪,进行血乳酸测试。同时,使用芬兰产POLARELECTRO心率遥测系统测定心率值,并绘制心率曲线图。从而得出非冰期专项身体训练中运动员的血乳酸“个体无氧阈”值,为速滑运动员陆地专项身体训练提供了重要的生理指标。     

心率、血乳酸在赛艇科学化训练中的应用探讨

对赛艇训练中常用的训练手段进行血乳酸、心率的监测,发现在常用的训练手段中,心率、血乳酸浓度和运动负荷的强度大多有较好的对应关系.在训练实践中,心率可作为控制赛艇训练强度的有意义的参数.4mmol/L无氧阈功率训练不能达到乳酸状浓度的最高稳定态训练,无氧阈功率训练对提高运动员的有氧耐力能力的效果欠佳.     

血氧含量的近红外测定及其在运动实践中的应用

利用基于近红外光谱原理研制的便携式组织血氧测量系统，对8名运动员在功率自行车上作五级递增负荷运动时的血氧含量进行了在体、实时、连续监测，同时利用血乳酸分析仪测定了受试在每级负荷运动后即刻的血乳酸浓度。结果表明，运动过程中骨骼肌组织内血氧含量随着运动强度的增加呈现出规律性的变化；随着运动强度的增加。氧合血红蛋白含量逐渐下降，还原血红蛋白含量逐渐上升，血容量呈下降性的变化，血乳酸浓度呈现出升高的变化。经统计学分析，氧合血红蛋白与血乳酸浓度之间具有较高的相关性(相关系数r=0．918)。     

对青年赛艇运动员的训练监控

任何人的心率过高、血乳酸堆积都会导致身体健康受到损害,尤其是是运动员更要注意。人体的心率、血乳酸在不同程度的运动中是会产生相应改变的。本文通过定量负荷、递增负荷、高强度负荷及间歇休息等方法进行赛艇训练,对青年赛艇运动员的心率、血乳酸变化和训练成绩进行分析,对增强血乳酸耐受力、提升心率的灵敏度,增强运动员的无氧代谢能力和提升训练成效具有重要意义。可以有效帮助教练在进行训练时可选择合理的训练方法,根据运动员不同的心率、血乳酸变化特征来安排科学合理的运动负荷,进而提高青年赛艇运动员的训练效果。     

常温环境递增负荷运动中人体核心体温预测

目的：探讨常温环境人体运动中核心体温的预测方法,为预防运动型热损伤提供依据。方法：9名男性耐力性运动员在23℃、40%相对湿度的环境中进行递增负荷力竭自行车运动,起始负荷为100 W,增加20 W/10 min,维持60 转/分;连续监控核心体温、心率、血乳酸。结果：核心体温升高值与心率（r=0.906）、血乳酸（r=0.835）正相关（均P＜0.001）。核心体温升高值的预测模型：线性方程为：核心体温升高值=0.008×心率+0.00035×心率×血乳酸－0.670（R2=0.842,P＜0.001）;二次曲线方程为：核心体温升高值=0.221-0.007×心率+6.899×10-5×心率2（R2=0.827,P＜0.001）。结论：常温环境运动中人体的核心体温可应用心率和血乳酸进行预测。     

训练状态对主观感觉和血乳酸浓度的影响

此次研究是在乳酸阈和血乳酸浓度定值为2.0,2.5和4.0mM时,训练状态对主观感觉疲劳程度的影响。试验对象为有训练者(N=20),无训练者(N=29),均采用逐级负荷的跑台试验鉴别乳酸阈值和血乳酸浓度定值和跑速的关系。除了血乳酸浓度在4.0mM时的心率和乳酸阈时的吸氧当量(E/O_2)外,有训练者在每级练习强度上有较高的踏跑速度,较大的吸氧量(O_2),较大的通气量(VE)和较高的心率。与无训练者比较,有训练者在乳酸阈值和血乳酸浓度定值2.0,2.5和4mM时,VO_2、VE和心率定值均高于无训练者。尽管两组在生理指标上完全不同,但在局部、中枢、整体主观感觉疲劳程度(RPE)上是相同的。整体RPE的平均数和标准差在乳酸阈时是11.0±2.0刻度:在2.0mM时是13.7±2.1刻度;在2.5mM时是14.5±1.8刻度;在细M时是16.5±2.3刻度。     

Exercise-induced hypoalgesia: Pain tolerance,preference and tolerance for exercise intensity,and physiological correlates following dynamic circuit resistance exercise

Previous research has demonstrated significant decreases in pain perception in healthy individuals following both aerobic and upper body resistance exercise, but research on circuit training has been limited. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of a strenuous bout of dynamic circuit resistance exercise on pain threshold and pain tolerance in conjunction with changes in blood lactate levels, heart rate (HR), and perceived exertion. A sample of 24 college-age students participated in 2 sessions: (1) a maximal strength testing session and (2) a circuit training bout of exercise that consisted of 3 sets of 12 repetitions with a 1:1 work to rest ratio at 60% one-repetition maximum (1-RM) predicted from a three-repetition maximum (3-RM) for 9 exercises. Participants exhibited increases in pain tolerance, blood lactate levels, HR and perceived exertion following resistance exercise. Preference for exercise intensity was positively correlated with lactate post exercise and tolerance for exercise intensity was positively correlated with pain tolerance and lactate post exercise. In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate increases in pain tolerance following a dynamic circuit resistance exercise protocol and disposition for exercise intensity may influence lactate and pain responses to circuit resistance exercise.     

Physiological and biomechanical responses to walking underwater on a non-motorised treadmill: effects of different exercise intensities and depths in middle-aged healthy women

Abstract

Non-motorised underwater treadmills are commonly used in fitness activities. However, no studies have examined physiological and biomechanical responses of walking on non-motorised treadmills at different intensities and depths. Fifteen middle-aged healthy women underwent two underwater walking tests at two different depths, immersed either up to the xiphoid process (deep water) or the iliac crest (shallow water), at 100, 110, 120, 130 step-per-minute (spm). Oxygen consumption (VO₂), heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration, perceived exertion and step length were determined. Compared to deep water, walking in shallow water exhibited, at all intensities, significantly higher VO₂ (+13.5%, on average) and HR (+8.1%, on average) responses. Water depth did not influence lactate concentration, whereas perceived exertion was higher in shallow compared to deep water, solely at 120 (+40%) and 130 (+39.4%) spm. Average step length was reduced as the intensity increased (from 100 to 130 spm), irrespective of water depth. Expressed as a percentage of maximum, average VO₂ and HR were: 64–76% of peak VO₂ and 71–90% of maximum HR, respectively at both water depths. Accordingly, this form of exercise can be included in the “vigorous” range of exercise intensity, at any of the step frequencies used in this study.     

Prediction of performance by heart rate-derived parameters in recreational runners

We investigated whether heart rate (HR)-derived parameters are accurate performance predictors in endurance recreational runners. One hundred thirty recreational athletes completed an incremental running test (4´running + 1´rest). After each stage, we recorded HR, % of maximum HR (%HRmax), and blood lactate. We also assessed HR after each recovery period, and calculated lactate and HR recovery thresholds and HR deflection point. We tested these parameters for associations with running performance, as measured by peak treadmill speed (PTS) and personal best International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) score. The %HRmax at 14.5 km·h^?1 correlated with PTS (r = ?0.92), and IAAF score (rho = ?0.80). The magnitudes of the correlations of lactate-related parameters with PTS (|r| = 0.84 to 0.86) or IAAF score (|rho| = 0.70 to 0.77) in absolute values were slightly lower. The correlations detected between other HR-derived parameters and running performance were weaker (|r or rho| = 0.24 to 0.70). Regression models identified %HRmax at 14.5 km·h^?1 as the strongest predictor of both PTS (β = ?0.72) and IAAF score (β = ?0.72). Consequently, tests based on %HRmax may provide a non-invasive and inexpensive alternate method for predicting the performance of these athletes.     

The physiological load imposed on basketball players during competition

In this study, the intensities of activity and movement patterns during men's basketball were investigated by videoing the movements and monitoring the heart rate and blood lactate responses of eight elite players during competition. The results are expressed according to ‘live time’, which is actual playing time, and ‘total time’, which includes live time as well as all stoppages in play. The mean (± s.d.) frequency of all activities was 997 ± 183, with a change in movement category every 2.0 s. A mean total of 105 ± 52 high‐intensity runs (mean duration 1.7 s) was recorded for each game, resulting in one high‐intensity run every 21 s during live time. Sixty percent of live time was spent engaged in low‐intensity activity, while 15% was spent in high‐intensity activity. The mean heart rate (HR) during live time was 169 ± 9 beats min^‐l (89 ± 2% peak HR attained during laboratory testing); 75% of live time was spent with a HR response of greater than 85% peak HR. The mean blood lactate concentration was 6.8 ± 2.8 mM, indicating the involvement of glycolysis in the energy demands of basketball. It is concluded that the physiological requirements of men's basketball are high, placing considerable demands on the cardiovascular and metabolic capacities of players.     

短期高强度训练对优秀篮球运动员有氧耐力的影响

为了调查短期高强度训练对篮球运动员有氧耐力的影响 ,对 2 0名 (男、女各 10名 )优秀篮球运动员 ,进行跑台渐增负荷运动直到力竭为止。同时测定气体代谢最大吸氧量 (VO2max)、通气量 (VE)、血乳酸(BLa)、心率 (HR)、血睾酮 (T)、皮质醇 (Cor)及血红蛋白 (Hb)。结果为 :1)短期高强度训练期后男、女两组无氧阈 (AT)值与训练前相比较均有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,但VO2max却未有显著性差异 ;2 )短期高强度训练期后男、女两组Hb值与训练前相比较均有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而T、Cor在训练期前后却未有显著性差异。其结果表明 ,短期高强度训练并不能提高VO2max,而AT却明显提高。提示可采用AT值作为反映篮球运动员有氧耐力的指标。     

五星草胶囊对男子中长跑运动员运动能力的影响

目的:探讨五星草胶囊对耐力项目运动员运动能力的影响。方法:将8名男子中长跑运动员分为实验组(服用五星草胶囊4名)和对照组(服用安慰剂4名),在正常训练期间,实验组每人每日早晚各服用五星草胶囊5粒,共服用10天。服药前一天和停药后次日上午测试受试者体成分、血清肌酸激酶(CK)、血尿素(BU)、睾酮(T)、血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞计数(RBC)指标以及递增负荷实验的心率(HR)和血乳酸(Bla)。结果:实验组在服药后有氧运动后即刻的Bla明显下降(P<0.05),Bla最高值和Bla增值降低,运动后即刻的HR降低,12minHR的恢复率增加,Hb值明显增加(P<0.05),对照组在实验后T明显下降(P<0.05),其余指标在实验前后没有明显变化(P>0.05)。结论:服用五星草胶囊对改善运动员的身体机能状况有一定的效果,对耐力项目运动员有氧能力有一定的促进作用。     

Exercise intensity and metabolic response in singles tennis

The aim of this study was to determine exercise intensity and metabolic response during singles tennis play. Techniques for assessment of exercise intensity were studied on-court and in the laboratory. The on-court study required eight State-level tennis players to complete a competitive singles tennis match. During the laboratory study, a separate group of seven male subjects performed an intermittent and a continuous treadmill run. During tennis play, heart rate (HR) and relative exercise intensity (72 ± 1.9% V O 2m ax ; estimated from measurement of heart rate) remained constant (83.4 ± 0.9% HR m ax ; mean s x ) after the second change of end. The peak value for estimated play intensity (1.25 ± 0.11 steps . s -1 ; from video analysis) occurred after the fourth change of end (P < 0.005). Plasma lactate concentration, measured at rest and at the change of ends, increased 175% from 2.13 ± 0.32 mmol . l -1 at rest to a peak 5.86 ± 1.33 mmol . l -1 after the sixth change of end (P < 0.001). A linear regression model, which included significant terms for %HR m ax (P < 0.001) and subject (P < 0.001), as well as a %HR max subject interaction (P < 0.05), accounted for 82% of the variation in plasma lactate concentration. During intermittent laboratory treadmill running, % V O 2peak estimated from heart rate was 17% higher than the value derived from the measured V O 2 (79.7 ± 2.2% and 69.0 ± 2.5% V O 2peak respectively; P < 0.001). The % V O 2peak was estimated with reasonable accuracy during continuous treadmill running (5% error). We conclude that changes in exercise intensity based on measurements of heart rate and a time-motion analysis of court movement patterns explain the variation in lactate concentration observed during singles tennis, and that measuring heart rate during play, in association with preliminary fitness tests to estimate V O 2 , will overestimate the aerobic response. (P < 0.001), estimated play intensity     

生化指标在不同距离全速跑中的应用

目的:为进一步研究100m、400m和1500m三种不同全速跑后血乳酸和心率的变化,选取同一年级同一班共六名志愿者参与本实验。方法:分别记录六名受试者全速跑完100m、400m、1 500m运动前和运动后3min的血乳酸值和心率值。结果:两名受试者进行100m无氧运动后,血乳酸值和心率值均有所升高,但升高幅度较小,血乳酸值最高达7.6mmol/L,心率值最高达154b/min;四名受试者进行400m和1500m有氧运动后,血乳酸值和心率值升高幅度较大,血乳酸值最高达16.2mmol/L,心率值最高达192b/min。结论:人体内的血乳酸含量和心率大小随运动项目的负荷强度和运动持续时间的增加而增加,有氧运动前后血乳酸升高幅度明显高于无氧运动,而无氧运动前后心率升高幅度明显高于有氧运动。因此,可根据血乳酸值和心率值来评定人体运动的负荷强度。