利用IST-Ⅱ型等动游泳训练测试系统测定游泳运动员上肢最大有氧能力的研究

(二) ４．肺功能指标(１)最大吸氧量 (ＶＯ２ｍａｘ)的判定 :常规ＶＯ２ｍａｘ判定标准为 :①心率大于或等于１８０次／分 ;②呼吸商大于１．０ ;③ＶＯ２不再随负荷增加而上升 ,或变化幅度不超过５% ;④运动后最高血乳酸大于８．０ ;⑤虽经鼓励 ,运动员仍无法经常预定负荷。(２)最大吸氧量平台持续时间 (ＶＯ２ｍａｘＰＤ)判定标准 :把低于ＶＯ２ｍａｘ值５%以内的值视为ＶＯ２ｍａｘ平台范围内值 ,其持续时间称为ＶＯ２ｍａｘＰＤ。(３)最大心率 (Ｈｒｍａｘ)、心率无氧阈 (ＨＲ -ＡＴ)判定标准 :ＨＲｍａｘ为ＶＯ２ｍａｘＰＤ范围内最大…     

Conconi-心率转折点理论在评价少年运动员训练程度和选材中的应用

对少年游泳运动员血乳酸无氧阈（ＢＬ－ＡＴ）、通气无氧阈（Ｖ－ＡＴ）、心率转折点（ＢｒｅａｋＰｏｉｎｔ）以及ＶＯ２ｍａｘ,骨龄等１３项机能指标进行了测定,旨在从各种不同的指标中选取评估无氧阈,监控训练负荷的最佳方案。相关分析表明,ＢｒＰ时的ＶＯ２及ＨＲ与Ｖ－ＡＴ的相应指标呈高度相关,具有显著性差异。ＢｒＰＶＯ２与ＢＬ－ＡＴＶＯ２的相关要高于Ｖ－ＡＴＶＯ２与ＢＬ－ＡＴＶＯ２的相关。同时,以个体体表面积（ＢＳＡ）和身高指数（ＨＩ）为参照的,ＶＯ２ｍａｘ相对值（ＶＯ２／ＢＳＡ,ＶＯ２／ＨＩ）较之以体重为基准的ＶＯ２ｍａｘ（ＶＯ２／ｋｇ）相对值与运动成绩的关系更具相关性,且Ｐ＜０．０５。此外,本实验还提出了采用以ＢＳＡ或ＨＩ为基准的相对ＶＯ２ｍａｘ,来估测少年运动员的有氧运动能力的方法     

赛艇运动员有氧能力的测试

以１４名女子赛艇运动员为受试者，分别在跑台、自行车和赛艇测功仪上以一次最大负荷和递增负荷方式对其进行了有氧能力测量。根据测量结果，作者建议赛艇测功仪是赛艇运动员最大吸氧量测量的首选负荷器；一次最大负荷更能准确地测出赛艇运动员的最大吸氧量；同时测出的实际耗氧量占最大吸氧量的百分比在评价赛艇运动员有氧训练水平时较ＶＡＴ、ＬＡＴ更有价值。     

运动对无氧阈、最大吸氧量的影响与心功能的关系

两年游泳系统训练后,男女运动员ＶＯ２ｍａｘ绝对值和相对值都无显著性变化,无氧阈明显提高。表明,ＡＴ的显著改善并不需要ＶＯ２ｍａｘ明显提高。训练后,ＡＴ和心泵血功能都有显著性提高,并且ＣＯ与ＡＴ的相关比ＣＯ与ＶＯ２ｍａｘ相关更为密切,提示,ＡＴ提高与心泵血功能变化有关,心功能可能是影响ＡＴ的重要因素。训练使心脏舒张功能得以改善,这是心脏对运动的又一适应。     

对青年皮艇队员进行九周无氧阈（AT）强度训练的研究

１０名青年男子皮艇队员（年龄１６．５±１．２７岁），经过九周无氧阈强度训练后，测定了他们的血乳酸积累的起点（ＶＯＢＬＡ），最大摄氧量（Ｖｏ２ｍａｘ），最大摄氧量利用率（％ＶＯ２ｍａｘ），血清心型乳酸脱氢酶同功酶（Ｈ—ＬＤＨ），以及１０００ｍ划船成绩。与九周元氧阈强度训练前的数据相比具有显著性提高。本实验支持无氧阈强度训练可以提高有氧耐力成绩的观点。     

逐级递增负荷后尿自由基代谢的变化及其与气体代谢的关系

采用递增运动负荷方式的研究方法,对３０名运动员随机分成两组,一组运动到个体无氧阈水平,一组运动至力竭。以探讨不同强度急性运动对尿中自由基（ＬＰＯ）血过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性的影响,及其与气体代谢的关系。结果发现：无氧阈运动组尿ＬＰＯ和血ＣＡＴ活性无明显变化,力竭运动组在运动后尿中身自由基水平和血过氧化氢酶活性明显增加（Ｐ＜００５）,力竭运动组在运动后尿中自由基水平和血过氧化氢酶活性明显增加（Ｐ＜００５）,力竭运动后机体通气量（Ｖｅ）、吸氧量（ＶＯ２）和相对吸氧量（Ｖｏｚ／ｋｇ）明显高于无氧阈运动组。表明尿中自由基水平受运动强度和时间的影响,且与机体气体代谢关系十分密切     

影响中长跑耐力的两个因素—ILAT与有氧糖酵解

实验与实践都证明ＶＯ２ｍａｘ不是决定高水平耐力跑成绩的关键因素，本文就个体乳酸阈（ＩＬＡＴ）及有氧条件下精酵解阐述提高耐力跑强度训练的可能因素。     

对中国优秀女子羽毛球运动员有氧能力的初步探讨

用美国Ｑ６５Ｑｕｉｎｔｏｎ跑台和ＳｅｎｓｏｒＭｅｄｉｃｓ２９００能量代谢仪，对２０名我国优秀女子羽毛球运动员做ＶＯ２ｍａｘ测定；并与国内外文献资料比较。认为：ＶＯ２ｍａｘ平台持续时间是评定有氧能力水平的另一个重要指标；ＶＯ２ｍａｘ临界强度可能成为发展ＶＯ２ｍａｘ平台持续时间的一种有效训练强度。中国的羽毛球女运动员优秀组的ＶＯ２ｍａｘ表明，具备进行重大国际比赛的有氧能力，且与后备组的ＶＯ２ｍａｘ、ＶＯ２ｍａｘ平台持续时间均无显著差异，说明后备运动员也具备进行重大国际比赛的有氧能力。单、双打女子羽毛球运动员的ＶＯ２ｍａｘ、ＶＯ２ｍａｘ平台持续时间均无显著差别，提示两者在发展有氧能力的训练负荷、方法可大同小异。     

中等负荷运动时摄氧量限定因素的探讨

本实验通过对ＳＶ和Ａ－ＶＯ_２的同时测定，进一步探讨了ＶＯ_２的限定因素。结果显示：用快增及慢增负荷运动形式达４０％ＶＯ_（２ｍａｘ）时，快增负荷运动的Ａ－ＶＯ_２较大而慢增负荷运动的ＳＶ较大。因此，随运动方式不同ＶＯ_２的限定因素则有所改变。     

不同项目耐力运动员无氧阈的测定与分析

采用功率自行车渐增负荷的运动方式测定了81名不同项目耐力运动员的无氧阈,结果表明:用最大负荷百分比表示的无氧阈值,马拉松与自行车项目运动员显著高于竞走及中长跑运动员,并且各专项组男女运动员之间均无显著性别差异。本文报告的不同项目耐力运动员的无氧阈值,可为训练中评定运动员有氧工作能力和安排训练强度提供参考和依据。     

Elicitation of Maximal Oxygen Uptake from Standing Bicycle Ergometry

Abstract

Twelve male university students were tested twice on each of three continuous max [Vdot]RO₂ protocols for treadmill running, pedaling on a bicycle ergometer while seated, and pedaling on a bicycle ergometer while standing. A comparison of the results failed to reveal any differences among protocols for pulmonary ventilation (max [Vdot]R_E). For max [Vdot]RO₂ (both liters [mdot] minute^-1 and ml [mdot] minute^-1. kg^-1) all differences were significant with the highest value associated with treadmill running, the intermediate with cycling in the standing position, and the lowest with cycling while seated. Max heart rate (HR) was significantly higher on the treadmill than on either bicycle protocol, and the respiratory exchange ratio (R) was higher on the sitting bicycle task than on the standing bicycle task. No other differences among protocols were significant. Although the reliability coefficients for all protocols (range was from r = .95 to r = .97) and the intercorrelation coefficients among protocols (range was r = .93 to r = .94) were quite high, the magnitude of the standard errors of estimate tended to limit the ability to predict a subject's max [Vdot]RO₂ on the treadmill based upon his measured max [Vdot]RO₂ employing either a sitting or standing bicycle protocol.     

The weighted walking test as an alternative method of assessing aerobic power

The aim of the present study was to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) directly during uphill walking exercise and to compare these values with those achieved during running and cycling exercise. Forty untrained students (20 males and 20 females) took part in three exercise tests. The running test was performed on a horizontal treadmill and the speed was gradually increased by 0.3 m . s(-1) every 3 min. The walking test was conducted on a treadmill inclined at 12% (speed of 1.8 m . s(-1)). The load was further increased every 3 min by the addition of a mass of one-twentieth of the body mass of the participant (plastic containers filled with water and added to a backpack carried by the participant). During the bicycle ergometry test, the workload was increased by 20 W every 2 min. All tests were performed until volitional exhaustion. During all tests, oxygen uptake, minute ventilation, tidal volume, respiratory frequency, heart rate, hydrogen ion concentration, base excess, and blood lactate concentration were analysed. The Pearson correlation coefficients between the weighted walking test and the commonly applied running and bicycle ergometry tests indicate a strong association with the new test in evaluating maximal oxygen uptake. The negligible differences in VO2max between the three tests for the male participants (running: 61.0 ml . kg(-1) . min(-1); walking: 60.4 ml . kg(-1) . min(-1); cycling: 60.2 ml . kg(-1) . min(-1)), and the fact that the females achieved better results on the walking test than the cycle ergometer test (running: 45.0 ml . kg(-1) . min(-1); walking: 42.6 ml . kg(-1) . min(-1); cycling: 40.1 ml . kg(-1) . min(-1)), confirm the suitability of the new method for evaluating aerobic power. The weighted walking test could be useful in the assessment of aerobic power in individuals for whom running is not advised or is difficult. In addition, the new test allows for determination of VO2max on small treadmills with a limited speed regulator, such as those found in specialist physiotherapy and fitness centres.     

Effect of Toe Clips during Bicycle Ergometry on [Vdot]O2 max

Abstract

Previous investigators have yielded conflicting results in testing the hypothesis that the use of toe clips during bicycle ergometry produces a higher maximal oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O ₂ max) than testing without toe clips. Eight men, four competitive cyclists and four competitive distance runners volunteered to participate in three randomized [Vdot]O ₂ max tests: 1) a treadmill running lest, 2) a bicycle ergometer test using standard toe clips, and 3) a test on the same ergometer without toe clips. The highest mean [Vdot]O ₂ max was observed in the treadmill condition as expected. However, no statistically significant difference in mean [Vdot]O ₂ max or performance time was observed between the toe-clip and no toe-clip conditions. Based on these results, the research hypothesis was rejected and no favorable physiological effect may be attributed to the use of toe clips.     

不同运动方式对唾液sIgA 的影响

目的:了解不同运动方式对唾液分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)的影响。方法:8名普通大学生进行95%最大摄氧量(VO2max)强度的功率自行车间歇运动和连续3天的30 min、75%VO2max强度持续运动,8名田径运动员进行3种急性运动(10 000 m跑、1节强化训练课和1次递增负荷力竭性跑台运动),观察各种运动前后的唾液sIgA变化情况。结果:95%VO2max强度间歇运动后即刻唾液sIgA分泌率降低,3天连续运动后即刻的唾液sIgA分泌率逐渐下降,运动员强化训练课后唾液sIgA浓度降低。结果提示,大强度运动会降低唾液sIgA水平,长期耐力训练对黏膜免疫系统有累积性抑制作用。     

长拳、太极拳练习对男性大学生心肺功能的影响

目的:观察长拳、太极拳运动对男青年心肺功能的影响.方法:24名大学一年级男生,随机分为长拳组和太极拳组.长拳组进行长拳第三路训练,太极拳组进行简化二十四式太极拳训练,训练周期为12周,每周练习3～4次,每次练习1 h.采用功率自行车直接测定法分别测定12周训练前、后两组研究对象最大耗氧量.结果:12周系统运动前,长拳组和太极拳组的最大耗氧量分别为39.93 ml/kg/min和39.71 ml/kg/min,训练后分别为42.76ml/kg/min和43.20 ml/kg/min,两组分别提高了7%和8%,差异有显著性.训练后太极拳组的最大耗氧量高于长拳组,差异有显著性,两组运动负荷实验过程中的各指标运动训练后也都有明显改善.结论:长拳和太极拳都是很好的健身项目,对提高心肺功能都有良好的作用,其中,太极拳的效果优于长拳.     

Description of the Movement Characteristics of Two-Year-Old Children Performing the Jump and Reach

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of varied rest intervals, following a 5-min warm-up, upon subsequent ratings of perceived exertion, heart rate (HR), and state anxiety during an exercise period. The subjects were 16 male college students, each with predicted [Vdot]O₂ max of at least 51 ml/kg/min ( = 54.4) as determined by the Åstrand bicycle test. Each subject was tested under four experimental conditions following a 5-min warm-up on a bicycle ergometer at 75% of HR max. Rest intervals of 1 min, 5 min, 10 min, and no rest preceded a progressively increasing 8-min exercise period on a bicycle ergometer. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate, and state anxiety were obtained at 1,000, 1,200, 1,400, and 1,600 KPM during each of the experimental conditions. An analysis of variance, four by four factorial design with repeated measures on both factors, was used to determine if significant differences existed between the experimental conditions for RPE and HR. An analysis of variance, treatment by subjects design, was used to determine if there were significant differences in state anxiety levels among the experimental conditions. Intraclass correlations revealed that reliability for HR and RPE was extremely high. No significant difference was found among the four experimental conditions for perceived exertion, heart rate, and state anxiety. RPE was found to be a good predictor of physiological strain as indicated by HR.     

Estimation of VO2max: a comparative analysis of five exercise tests

Thirty-eight female subjects (M +/ SD = 33 +/- 3.0 years) had VO2max measured on the cycle ergometer (M +/- SD = 37.3 +/- 6.4 ml.kg-1.min-1) and on the treadmill (M +/- SD = 41.3 +/- 6.6 ml.kg-1.min-1). VO2max was estimated for each subject from heart rate (HR) at submaximal workloads on the cycle ergometer using the Astrand-Rhyming nomogram (A/R) and the extrapolation method (XTP). VO2max was also estimated from three field tests: 1.5-mile run (RUN) (independent variable [IV] = time), mile walk (WALK) (IV = time, age, HR, gender, body weight), and the Queens College Step Test (ST) (IV = HR during 5-20 s recovery). Repeated measure ANOVA revealed significant mean differences between the criterion cycle ergometer VO2max versus A/R and XTP (20 and 12% overestimation). The WALK, RUN, and ST VO2max values were not significantly different from the criterion treadmill VO2max. The correlation between criterion VO2max estimated from the WALK and RUN were r = .73 (SEE = 4.57 ml,kg-1.min-1) and r = .79 (SEE = 4.13 ml.kg-1.min-1), respectively. The ST, A/R, and XTP had higher SEEs (13-13.5% of the mean) and lower r s (r = .55 to r = .66). These results suggest both the WALK and RUN tests are satisfactory predictors of VO2max in 30 to 39-year-old females.     

武术散打训练对人体有氧工作能力影响的研究

为探讨武术散打训练对人体有氧工作能力的影响 ,采用YMCA法对 10 0名体育专业大学生间接测定 VO2 max和PWC170 。结果表明 :散打组在 VO2 max和PWC170 上均显著高于对照组 ;采用 VO2 max的绝对值更能准确的计算PWC170 ;在采用间接测定法评价 VO2 max时 ,使用的测定方法和计算公式要考虑适应范围。提示 ,武术散打训练可以提高人体的有氧工作能力 ,在散打训练中应重视对人体有氧工作能力的发展。     

《国家学生体质健康标准》中心血管机能评价指标同质性的研究

为了分析《国家学生体质健康标准》中心血管功能评价指标的同质性和有效性，对16586名大学生进行体质健康测试，其中12202名大学生既参加台阶试验又参加800／1000m跑，而且为了得到最大摄氧量的数据，又选取参加台阶试验和800／1000m跑的学生195人进行12分钟跑测试。研究结果表明，大学生的台阶测试得分和耐久跑成绩得分有极其显著差异（P〈0．001）；男女大学生的台阶测试得分与耐久跑得分之间有显著相关性（男生r=0．347，Sig．=0．000；女生r=0．240，Sig．=0．000），但都呈现低度相关；台阶测试和耐久跑指标之间同质性低；男大学生最大耗氧量与台阶试验测试值、台阶试验得分有显著线性相关关系（h=0．417，P〈0．001）；男大学生最大耗氧量与1000m跑运动成绩及得分之间也有显著线性相关关系（r2=0．616，P〈0．001）。女大学生最大耗氧量与台阶试验测试值、台阶试验得分无显著线性相关关系（r3=0．163，P〉0．05）。最大耗氧量与800m跑运动成绩及得分之间却存在显著线性相关关系（r4=0．464，P〈0．001）。