运动后前糖原和大糖原的恢复规律及其机制研究

目的：研究运动后糖原的两种组分的恢复规律与机制。方法：36只大鼠分别于运动前和负重2％游泳2h后的1h、6h、24h宰杀，测定相关指标。结果：血糖、骨骼肌葡萄糖转运速率(GTR)和糖原合成酶(GS)活性比在运动后1h最高，到6h，血糖和GTR已基本恢复，但GS活性比仍较高．胰岛素在运动后1h最低；前糖原(PG)、大糖原(MG)和总糖原(TG)在运动后1h最低，PG到6h已恢复，MG在6h和24h显著回升，但到24h仍未恢复，TG到24h已基本恢复；恢复早期的糖原填充速度快于恢复后期；GTR与PG、MG或TG都呈显著负相关，与TG的相关度较高；GS活性比与MG或TG都呈显著负相关，与MG的相关度较高。结论：运动时，PG和MG都参与供能；运动后糖原恢复先快后慢，PG恢复在前，MG恢复在后，TG含量最终取决于MG的恢复程度。肌糖原含量影响其自身GTR和GS活性，GTR受TG影响．GS活性比主要受MG影响。     

对“超量恢复”学说的质疑

自“超量恢复”学说提出之后，该理论就受到运动生理、生化和训练界许多学者的质疑。运动生理学家蒂玛瑞斯（deMattes）在其专著《运动生理学》中写道：“所谓的‘超量恢复’至今仍然在许多方面缺乏科学的证据”。霍尔曼（Hollmann）和海廷格尔（Hettinger）认为不能将肌糖原这一单一指标的超量恢复现象延伸扩展到解释整个机体对运动训练的适应，     

对"超量恢复"学说的质疑

自“超量恢复”学说提出之后，该理论就受到运动生理、生化和训练界许多学者的质疑。运动生理学家蒂玛瑞斯（deMattes）在其专著《运动生理学》中写道：“所谓的‘超量恢复’至今仍然在许多方面缺乏科学的证据”。霍尔曼（Hollmann）和海廷格尔（Hettinger）认为不能将肌糖原这一单一指标的超量恢复现象延伸扩展到解释整个机体对运动训练的适应，[第一段]     

刺五加制剂抗疲劳的实验研究

为了探讨刺五加等中药的抗疲劳作用及其机制,我们观察了给予刺五加制剂的后的小鼠运动能力及其力竟性游泳运动前后血乳酸、股糖原、肝糖原含量和乳酸脱氢酶的活性。结果表明 五加等中药制剂具有增强运动能力,增加机体对运动的适应能力,并难增加肝糖原和肌糖原的贮备。     

连续力竭性运动后大鼠血乳酸的持续升高

连续力竭性运动后,大鼠血乳酸和肌乳酸浓度显著升高,而肌糖原显著降低。虽经48小时休息,血和肌乳酸浓度以及肌糖原均未能恢复至安静水平,肌细胞内线粒体明显水肿,显示乳酸未被有效氧化或合成糖原。这可能与细胞膜的转运障碍及线粒体氧化还原酶系的机能障碍有关。     

复方中药制剂对运动训练大鼠运动能力的影响

目的：通过观察复方中药制剂和运动训练对大鼠股四头肌运动能力的影响,探讨复方中药提取物对提高机体糖代谢和运动能力的作用,为更好的指导运动训练、增强运动能力提供科学依据,为有效提高能量代谢中成药的开发奠定理论基础。结果：（1）力竭时间,D组大鼠力竭时间相比其它3组极显著延长（P〈0.01）;C组显著长于A组（P〈0.05）;B组极显著长于C组（P〈0.01）。（2）大鼠股四头肌肌糖原含量安静状态下,D组极显著高于A组、B组和C组,C组和B组显著高于A组;定量负荷,D组极显著高于A组和B组,B组极显著高于A组;力竭即刻,D组极显著高于A组和显著高于B组,B组和C组都显著高于A组;力竭恢复12h,D组极显著高于A组和显著高于B组、C组,A组极显著低于B组和C组;力竭恢复24h,D、C组极显著高于A组,B组显著高于A组。结论：（1）运动训练可以提高大鼠股四头肌肌糖原的含量和促进恢复过程中肌糖原的合成,提高运动能力;（2）单纯饮用复方中药制剂可以提高大鼠股四头肌肌糖原的含量和促进恢复过程中肌糖原的合成;（3）运动训练结合饮用复方中药制剂在增加大鼠股四头肌肌糖原的含量,减缓运动过程中肌糖原较少,促进恢复过程中肌糖原的合成效果最明显,提示复方中药制剂能够促进机体糖代谢能力,更好提高运动能力。     

运动诱导肌源性 IL26 基因表达和蛋白释放与 G L UT4 基因表达的关系研究

目的:研究不同肌糖原状态下运动诱导肌源性白细胞介素6(Interukin-6,IL-6)表达及蛋白释放与葡萄糖转运体4(Glucose Transport 4,GLUT4)基因表达的关系.方法:通过特定的运动方案和饮食方案造成大鼠在运动前体内肌糖原含量不同,再观察定量负荷跑台运动后肌源性IL-6表达及释放与葡萄糖转运体GLUT4基因表达的变化规律.结果:血清IL-6浓度在运动30min后显著增加,运动120min后达到峰值,运动后逐渐降低;骨骼肌IL-6mRNA在运动120min后显著增加,运动后3-6h继续增加至峰值;骨骼肌GLUT4mRNA在运动时并未增加,而在运动后3h开始增加,运动后6h达到峰值.上述三个指标在低肌糖原组的增加与正常糖原组相比更加显著.结论:低肌糖原含量可以促进运动中IL-6的释放及运动后恢复期IL-6和GLUT4的基因表达;运动导致恢复期GLUT4基因表达的增加很有可能与肌源性IL-6的表达及IL-6的自分泌作用有关.     

有氧耐力训练对高脂饮食大鼠肥胖及糖代谢的影响

为了探讨长期的有氧耐力训练对高脂饮食肥胖大鼠减肥效果及机体糖代谢的影响,雄性SD大鼠高脂喂养8周后按体重分为肥胖组大鼠（DIO）、肥胖抵抗组大鼠（DIO-R）和介于之间的中间对照组大鼠（C）,再随机将每组分为两个亚组即运动组和非运动组,继续高脂饮食7周,运动组进行为期7周的游泳训练,末次训练后12h禁食,24h取样。测定体重和腹腔内脂肪含量及血糖、肌糖原、肝糖原,放射免疫法测定血清胰岛素。结果显示：肥胖组大鼠与中间对照组大鼠相比体重、脂肪量、体脂率和胰岛素均增高极显著（P〈0.01）,而血糖、肌糖原、肝糖原无显著差异（P〉0.05）;肥胖运动组大鼠与肥胖组大鼠相比,体重、脂肪量、体脂率、血糖均降低极显著（P〈0.01）,胰岛素降低显著（P〈0.05）,肌糖原、肝糖原无显著差异（P〉0.05）;中间对照运动组大鼠与中间对照组大鼠相比体重极显著下降（P〈0.01）,血糖水平显著下降（P〈0.05）,肌糖原、肝糖原、胰岛素、脂肪、体脂率均无显著差异（P〉0.05）,抵抗运动组大鼠与抵抗组大鼠相比各项指标均无显著变化（P〉0.05）。结论：大鼠对高脂饮食诱导肥胖敏感程度存在很大差异,高脂饮食诱导大鼠肥胖与胰岛素抵抗有关。长期有氧耐力训练对肥胖组和中间对照组大鼠有明显的减肥作用,并且可有效降低肥胖大鼠的血清胰岛素,改善胰岛素抵抗。但对抵抗组大鼠作用不明显。     

人参提取物达玛烷苷元对人体运动后肌糖原恢复的影响及机制研究

目的：给受试者服用不同浓度的人参提取物达玛烷苷元（Dammarane Sapogenin,DS）,探究其对有氧运动后肌糖原恢复的影响及作用机制。方法：本研究采用双盲实验设计,选取9名受试者随机分为安慰剂组（placebo group）、服用 DS 240 mg / day 组（DS240）、服用 DS 480 mg / day 组（DS480）进行试验。受试者持续服用 DS 4周后,进行一次性60分钟、强度为75%VO2 max 的蹬功率自行车运动,运动后立刻给予高糖饮食。于运动后即刻及运动后3小时,分别进行肌肉活检,测定 AKT、GS 磷酸化及蛋白质表达;同时,运动后3小时内每隔30分钟取静脉血测定血糖浓度、胰岛素浓度。结果：DS240组较对照组显著提升运动后肌糖原储存速率（P <0.05）;运动后随着时间延长,DS240组的血糖浓度显著低于安慰剂组（P <0.05）,但各组胰岛素浓度无显著性差异;运动后 DS240组显著提高运动后 AKT 磷酸化水平、降低肌糖原合成酶磷酸化、提高肌糖原合成酶的蛋白质表达（P <0.05）。结论：长期补充低剂量达玛烷苷元可能提高人体运动后肌糖原储存速率,其可能机制与提升胰岛素作用及血糖吸收有关;研究结果推测达玛烷苷元可以增加胰岛素敏感度,因而可以将达玛烷苷元作为补剂用以运动竞赛或训练后加速肌糖原恢复。     

蒺藜提取物对训练大鼠糖原、血睾酮和运动能力的影响

为探讨蒺藜提取物对训练大鼠糖原、血睾酮和运动能力的影响，以SD雄性大鼠为实验对象．建立跑台运动训练模型。将实验大鼠按体重进行随机分组为安静对照组、训练对照组、蒺藜训练组、训练力竭组、蒺藜力竭组，每组各8只。测定了血清睾酮、肌糖原及肝糖原。实验结果显示．蒺藜提取物可以显著延长大鼠跑台运动力竭时间；长期大强度训练引起大鼠体重显著性下降，蒺藜提取物可以抑制这一下降趋势，使训练大鼠体重与安静对照组无显著性差异；大强度训练可以增加肌、肝糖原含量，蒺藜提取物可以增强这种趋势，使糖原含量显著性升高；大强度训练可以引起血睾酮含量下降，蒺藜提取物可以使训练大鼠血睾酮含量显著性增加，且增加了运动过程中睾酮的变化幅度。结论认为，蒺藜提取物可以延长大鼠跑台至力竭时间，具有抗疲劳作用；其抗疲劳作用可能与其增加糖原含量，升高血睾酮的水平有关。     

右归饮对递增负荷运动大鼠睾酮和物质代谢的影响

目的：探讨长期大运动量训练对血睾酮和物质代谢以及补肾中药复方右归饮对其影响。方法：30只雄性SD大鼠，随机平均分为3组，分别为对照组（C）、训练组（T）和服药组（M，补肾法），进行8周递增负荷游泳。采用放免法和分光光度法观察8周递增负荷游泳和补肾中药复方对睾酮及肌糖元、肝糖元、血红蛋白和尿素氮的影响。结果：与对照组相比。训练后肌糖元和肝糖元的含量增加（P〉0．05；P〈0．05），血红蛋白降低而尿素氮升高（P〈0．01；P〈0．05）；训练组血睾酮较对照组显著降低（P〈0．05）。而补肾中药复方组（M组）能显著提高血睾酮水平（P〈0．05）。并可提高肌糖元和肝糖元的含量（P如＜0．05；P〈0.05）。结果提示，长时间大运动量训练可引起下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴产生抑制，造成运动性低血睾酮。负反馈调节作用受到不同程度的抑制，导致机体运动能力下降，恢复过程延长；而采用补肾中药复方可改善运动性低血睾酮，减缓对HPG轴负反馈的抑制作用，可以改善HPG轴的功能，增加肌糖元和肝糖元的含量，有利于大运动量训练后机体的恢复。     

An acute bout of high-intensity intermittent swimming induces glycogen supercompensation in rat skeletal muscle

Abstract

High-intensity intermittent exercise substantially increases muscle glucose transport, which is thought to be the rate-limiting step for glycogen synthesis. In the present study, we compared muscle glycogen supercompensation after high-intensity intermittent exercise with that observed after low-intensity continuous exercise in rats. Four- to five-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats performed either low-intensity swimming (240 min of swimming exercise with a weight equivalent to 1% of their body mass; LOW) or high-intensity swimming (twenty 30-s swimming bouts with 30 s rest between bouts with a weight equivalent to 16% of their body mass; HIGH) to deplete muscle glycogen. After the glycogen-depleting exercise, rats were given a rodent chow diet plus 5% glucose solution for 6 h or 24 h. Immediately after the two types of exercise, glycogen concentration in rat epitrochlearis muscle was similarly depleted. After the 6-h and 24-h recovery periods, muscle glycogen concentrations in both the HIGH and LOW groups were restored well above the normally fed state. Furthermore, muscle glycogen accumulation in the HIGH group for the 6-h and 24-h recovery periods was not significantly different from that observed in the LOW group. The high-intensity intermittent swimming exercise also induced muscle glycogen supercompensation in well-trained rats that had performed 7 days of endurance swimming training (6 h per day). Our results indicate that high-intensity intermittent exercise as well as low-intensity continuous exercise could induce glycogen supercompensation in rat skeletal muscle.     

Melatonin administration does not alter muscle glycogen concentration during recovery from exhaustive exercise in rats

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of melatonin administration on muscle glycogen concentration during recovery after exhaustive swimming exercise in sedentary and trained rats. Male Wistar rats were assigned to one of four groups: sedentary control (C), sedentary melatonin-injected (M), exercise-trained (T), and trained and melatonin-injected (MT) groups. Exercise-trained groups were subjected to six weeks of swimming exercise. All rats completed an exhaustive swimming exercise. Two daily subcutaneous injections of melatonin at a dose of 3 mg·kg^?1 were given to the rats in the M and MT groups immediately after the exhaustive exercise. Plasma melatonin, glucose and lactate concentrations, and glycogen concentrations of the soleus and epitrochlearis muscle tissues were measured after exhaustive exercise. Plasma lactate concentration was significantly lower in the T and MT groups than in the C group. Plasma melatonin concentration was higher in the supplemented groups than in the C group. Plasma glucose concentration was significantly higher in the T and MT groups than in the C group. Both epitrochlearis and soleus muscle glycogen concentrations were higher in the trained groups than in the C group. In conclusion, although exercise training results in improvement in muscle glycogen, exogenous melatonin administration after exhaustive exercise did not restore the glycogen concentrations in fast- or slow-twitch muscle tissues.     

Skeletal muscle glycogen concentration and metabolic responses following a high glycaemic carbohydrate breakfast

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a carbohydrate-rich meal on post-prandial metabolic responses and skeletal muscle glycogen concentration. After an overnight fast, eight male recreational/club endurance runners ingested a carbohydrate (CHO) meal (2.5 g CHO?·?kg^?1 body mass) and biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle before and 3 h after the meal. Ingestion of the meal resulted in a 10.6?±?2.5% (P?<?0.05) increase in muscle glycogen concentration (pre-meal vs post-meal: 314.0?±?33.9 vs 347.3?±?31.3 mmol?·?kg^?1 dry weight). Three hours after ingestion, mean serum insulin concentrations had not returned to pre-feeding values (0 min vs 180 min: 45?±?4 vs 143?±?21 pmol?·?l^?1). On a separate occasion, six similar individuals ingested the meal or fasted for a further 3 h during which time expired air samples were collected to estimate the amount of carbohydrate oxidized over the 3 h post-prandial period. It was estimated that about 20% of the carbohydrate consumed was converted into muscle glycogen, and about 12 % was oxidized. We conclude that a meal providing 2.5 g CHO?·?kg^?1 body mass can increase muscle glycogen stores 3 h after ingestion. However, an estimated 67% of the carbohydrate ingested was unaccounted for and this may have been stored as liver glycogen and/or still be in the gastrointestinal tract.     

Carbohydrates and fat for training and recovery

An important goal of the athlete's everyday diet is to provide the muscle with substrates to fuel the training programme that will achieve optimal adaptation for performance enhancements. In reviewing the scientific literature on post-exercise glycogen storage since 1991, the following guidelines for the training diet are proposed. Athletes should aim to achieve carbohydrate intakes to meet the fuel requirements of their training programme and to optimize restoration of muscle glycogen stores between workouts. General recommendations can be provided, preferably in terms of grams of carbohydrate per kilogram of the athlete's body mass, but should be fine-tuned with individual consideration of total energy needs, specific training needs and feedback from training performance. It is valuable to choose nutrient-rich carbohydrate foods and to add other foods to recovery meals and snacks to provide a good source of protein and other nutrients. These nutrients may assist in other recovery processes and, in the case of protein, may promote additional glycogen recovery when carbohydrate intake is suboptimal or when frequent snacking is not possible. When the period between exercise sessions is <8?h, the athlete should begin carbohydrate intake as soon as practical after the first workout to maximize the effective recovery time between sessions. There may be some advantages in meeting carbohydrate intake targets as a series of snacks during the early recovery phase, but during longer recovery periods (24?h) the athlete should organize the pattern and timing of carbohydrate-rich meals and snacks according to what is practical and comfortable for their individual situation. Carbohydrate-rich foods with a moderate to high glycaemic index provide a readily available source of carbohydrate for muscle glycogen synthesis, and should be the major carbohydrate choices in recovery meals. Although there is new interest in the recovery of intramuscular triglyceride stores between training sessions, there is no evidence that diets which are high in fat and restricted in carbohydrate enhance training.     

补糖对不同时间运动后小鼠酮体代谢的影响

将昆明种4~6周龄雄性小白鼠随机分为补糖和补水对照组。每组均设安静组、定量运动组和力竭运动组。补糖采用浓度为5%葡萄糖与7%低聚糖的混合溶液。定量运动组做一次性静水负重游泳运动,持续时间为1h。力竭组与定量组运动形式相同,运动时间至力竭。分别测定血液、肝脏、骨骼肌和脑中的酮体(Ketone Body,KB),肝、骨骼肌糖原以及血糖、脑糖、血清游离脂肪酸(FFA)等指标。结果显示:与补糖组相比,1h游泳运动后补水组血清FFA有升高趋势,但无显著性差异,补水组小鼠血酮体浓度显著升高(P<0.05);力竭运动后补水组骨骼肌、肝脏中酮体含量显著高于补糖组(P<0.05)。提示:小鼠机体糖状况直接影响运动中的酮体代谢,运动性酮体代谢与体内糖储备以及脂肪分解状况有关。     

运动训练中的糖补充

糖是人体重要的能源物质,与人体的运动能力有着不可分割的密切关系。通过补糖,不仅可以提高运动能力,延缓运动性疲劳的出现,还可以促进运动性疲劳的恢复。为此,本文通过分析运动训练中糖原合成与运动的关系,糖原耗竭对机体的影响,总结出运动训练的膳食补糖方法。     

Oral conjugated linoleic acid supplementation enhanced glycogen resynthesis in exercised human skeletal muscle

Present study examined the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on glycogen resynthesis in exercised human skeletal muscle. Twelve male participants completed a cross-over trial with CLA (3.8 g/day for 8 week) or placebo supplements by separation of 8 weeks. CLA is a mixture of trans-10 cis-12 and cis-9 trans-11 isomers (50:50). On experiment day, all participants performed 60-min cycling exercise at 75% VO₂ max, then consumed a carbohydrate meal immediately after exercise and recovered for 3 h. Biopsied muscle samples from vastus lateralis were obtained immediately (0 h) and 3 h following exercise. Simultaneously, blood and gaseous samples were collected for every 30 min during 3-h recovery. Results showed significantly increased muscle glycogen content with CLA after a single bout of exercise (P < 0.05). Muscle glucose transporter type 4 expression was significantly elevated immediately after exercise, and this elevation was continued until 3 h after exercise in CLA trial. However, P-Akt/Akt ratio was not significantly altered, while glucose tolerance was impaired with CLA. Gaseous exchange data showed no beneficial effect of CLA on fat oxidation, instead lower non-esterified fatty acid and glycerol levels were found at 0 h. Our findings conclude that CLA supplementation can enhance the glycogen resynthesis rate in exercised human skeletal muscle.     

不同运动情况下补糖对小鼠肌糖原的影响

60只雄性昆明小鼠随机分为六组(A.安静补糖组B.安静组C.定量运动补糖组D.定量运动组E.力竭运动补糖组F.力竭运动组),经过6周游泳运动,运动后即刻采用蒽酮法测定肌糖原。实验表明,定量运动组、力竭组、力竭补糖组肌糖原水平与对照组有显著性差异(力竭组与安静组和安静补糖组都有非常显著性差异P<0.01,力竭补糖组与安静组P<0.01与安静补糖组P<0.05),定量运动补糖组与对照组无显著性差异,定量运动组与对照组有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结果表明,定量运动补糖可及时补充机体肌糖原的消耗,适当延长运动时间,而力竭运动组和力竭运动补糖组肌糖原消耗严重,糖原储备显著减少。