赛艇动力学及流体动力性能和快速性能研究

对赛艇划桨过程中回桨阶段出现第二个加速度峰值的动力源进行了分析,提出运动员在回桨过程中,人体重心从船头向船尾移动产生冲力,从而使船艇加速。并据此提出了包括拉桨动力和人体重心移动产生冲力两个动力源的赛艇动力学方程。此外,对提高赛艇技术的途径和赛艇桨叶及船艇的流体动力性能和快速性能进行了分析和论述,为提高赛艇训练的科学化水平提供了依据。     

论赛艇动力学及提高赛艇技术的途径

用新型智能仪表SF2船速桨频测量仪采集数据,依据动量原理,建立赛艇动量方程及动力学方程。指出,桨手在滑座上移动时,人体质心动量变化产生的力在回桨和拉桨期都会各自交替产生动力和阻力,一般拉桨前期产生阻力,后期产生动力,回桨时相反。强调回桨质量,注意延长各段的动力作用时间,缩短阻力时间,加强低频训练和“意”练,让船速和桨频同步提高。     

赛艇测功仪测试结果及初步分析

我们利用全国1991年赛艇锦标赛机会对参加比赛的部分省市运动员在赛艇测功仪做了测试,把运动员测试结果与优秀运动员标准技术指标做了对照比较,并进行了初步分析研究。1 赛艇测功仪在赛艇测功仪上,可以对运动员进行定时测验,并通过计算机采集显示打印划船过程中运动参数,如:功率(w),桨入水角(θ_(?)),桨出水角(θ_g),桨频(S_f)和桨柄速度等。由此诊断赛艇运动员的技术,给教练员指导训练、改进运动员的技术动作提供了可靠的科学     

赛艇划桨技术初论

赛艇划桨动作是由提桨(入水)——拉桨(划水)一按桨(出水)——推桨(回桨)四个部份组成的,这也称为一个划桨周期。其中,拉桨是桨叶在水中划水作功的过程,它产生推功赛艇前进的动力,其余三个动作(以后简称推桨)则是组成一个划桨周期必不可少的过渡动作。在每个周期中赛艇前进的速度并不是均匀的。图一所示赛艇划桨周期的速度曲线图,是以专用的电子仪器于一九八三年十二     

国内、外女子赛艇单人双桨划桨技术比较研究

采用SIMIMotion运动分析系统,对中、外赛艇女子单人双桨项目(W1X)优秀运动员一个完整划桨周期技术进行分析。结果表明:中国赛艇W1X优秀运动员在划桨技术周期的艇速、划距指标上与国外W1X优秀运动员有显著性差异(P<0.05),推拉桨时间、桨角和各关节角度指标没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。中国赛艇W1X运动员的推拉桨时间、划桨身体姿势比较合理,建议在保持推桨动力的基础上,借鉴国外赛艇W1X优秀运动员低桨频高稳速划桨的技术,缩短与世界级赛艇W1X优秀运动员的差距。     

赛艇

G861.412,G804.65 9803107赛艇浆叶不同斜角对性能的影响=The performanceeffect of different oblique angle of scull〔刊,中,A〕/郑伟涛,韩久瑞,葛新发,易名农,王季安,黄谦∥武汉体育学院学报.-1998(2).-51-54图4参1(TY)赛艇∥桨∥流体动力学∥角度∥力学分析本文对目前常用的赛艇双桨桨叶进行了循环水槽实验研究。试验采用1:1的模型,在不同斜角下进行。试验还考虑了桨叶的不同攻角、深度和转角。试验表明:不同的斜角对桨叶的流体动力学性能有较大的影响,为教练员运动员进行科学训练提供了依据。     

如何增大赛艇运动员的划桨力

2 0 0 0 m赛艇项目从基础理论分析 ,居于中等时间的有氧供能为主的运动项目 ,它不仅要求运动员具备较好的有氧工作能力和较好的肌肉克服阻力的能力 ,而具备有单位时间内肌肉克服阻力的能力。单位时间内肌肉克服阻力的能力越强 ,在其它条件不变的情况下 ,划桨力就越大 ,成绩就越好。所以提高赛艇运动员单位时间肌肉克服阻力的能力 ,是解决赛艇运动员划桨力提高的关键因素之一。1　测功仪训练对赛艇运动员划桨力的影响及其训练方法( 1 )测功仪训练对赛艇运动员划桨力的影响 :测功仪训练较荡桨训练、水上训练技术运用环节简单化 ,而且不受平衡…     

男子赛艇公开级4人单桨运动员技术分析

以山东省参加第十二届全运会备战的男子赛艇公开级4人单桨运动员为研究对象,采用各项参数与比赛桨完全一致的澳大利亚 CROKER 测力桨,对赛艇运动员水上专项训练进行了技术测试。经过定量分析发现,赛艇4人单桨运动员在入水、拉桨、出水和全程力量分配等方面均存在技术瑕疵,据此实施技术改正和功能性体能训练干预,为山东赛艇全运会上的突破提供科技支持。     

我国优秀赛艇运动员桨力- 时间曲线特征

赛艇运动中拉桨阶段的桨力曲线反映了运动员的发力特征，是专项竞技能力诊断的重要途径。根据国家队的测试实例，对不同艇种、不同桨位的桨力曲线特征进行归纳分析总结，对赛艇项目进行系列测试（桨频：35桨/min），结合专项认为专项技术较好的多人艇运动员大多采用A型；双人单桨项目中．领桨手倾向于采用A型桨力-时间曲线，一号位桨手倾向于采用B型桨力-时间曲线。不同桨频下的桨力-时间曲线特征可作为训练效果的评估依据，低桨频训练必须保持合理的拉桨速度和拉桨力量。     

基于扎根理论的优秀赛艇运动员“人—艇—桨一体感”结构研究

“一体感”是运动员长期训练与比赛形成的专项心理能力,是保障运动员发挥最佳竞技状态的基础。赛艇运动要求运动员在划行过程中对 人、艇、桨、水具有良好的协调和控制能力。在赛艇日常训练和比赛中,运动员多使用“人艇合一”的感觉来描述对自身状态、动作技术和艇、桨的良 好控制与清晰的认知,并对其自身竞技水平的发挥具有至关重要的作用。为了探讨赛艇运动员“人—艇—桨一体感”的结构特点,运用扎根理论,对 来自湖北和广东省赛艇运动队的24名赛艇运动员与6名教练员进行半结构式访谈,通过对访谈结果进行开放式编码、主轴编码和选择性编码,得出 赛艇运动员“人—艇—桨一体感”的结构包括：感知控制艇身能力（艇速感、艇平衡感、艇噪音感、艇滑座感、艇吃水感）、感知控制桨能力（桨出入水 感、桨力感、桨频节奏感、桨叶位置感）、感知掌控对手能力（对手位置感、对手体力感、对手节奏感、对手战术感）和感知掌控队友能力（队友节奏感、 队友协同感、队友战术感、队友体力感）4个大范畴和17个小范畴,并且它们之间相互协调形成一个有机整体,反映赛艇运动员对自身技术动作控制 状态的感知能力,为赛艇运动员竞技能力发挥提供核心动力。     

Comparing para-rowing set-ups on an ergometer using kinematic movement patterns of able-bodied rowers

While numerous studies have investigated the biomechanics of able-bodied rowing, few studies have been completed with para-rowing set-ups. The purpose of this research was to provide benchmark data for handle kinetics and joint kinematics for able-bodied athletes rowing in para- rowing set-ups on an indoor ergometer. Able-bodied varsity rowers performed maximal trials in three para-rowing set-ups; Legs, Trunk and Arms (LTA), Trunk and Arms (TA) and Arms and Shoulders (AS) rowing. The handle force kinetics of the LTA stroke were comparable to the values for able-bodied literature. Lumbar flexion at the catch, extension at the finish and total range of motion were, however, greater than values in the literature for able-bodied athletes in the LTA set-up. Additionally, rowers in TA and AS set-ups utilised more extreme ranges of motion for lumbar flexion, elbow flexion and shoulder abduction than the LTA set-up. This study provides the first biomechanical values of the para-rowing strokes for researchers, coaches and athletes to use while promoting the safest training programmes possible for para-rowing.     

A study of the forces exerted by an oarsman and the effect on boat speed

A model of the motion of a single‐scull rowing hull has been developed and verified against rowing performance data. The model was then used to explore the effect of changes in the cyclic rowing force on the boat speed. The calculations have shown that the shape of the rowing force curve and the proportion of recovery time in the total stroke can have an important effect on the boat speed. It has also been shown that a study of the fluid mechanics of the oar blade would be advantageous in determining whether a reduction in the power wasted can be obtained by changing the ratio of rowing force to normal force.     

The RowPerfect ergometer: a training aid for on-water single scull rowing

The purpose of this study was to compare rowing technique on the dynamic RowPerfect ergometer with a single scull. Eight national-level rowers performed on both the RowPerfect ergometer and in a single scull over 500 m, at rates of 24, 26, and 28 strokes/minute. Blade force and oar angle (on-water) and handle force and stroke length (on the ergometer) were measured. Both force and stroke angle/length were normalised from 0 to 100 (where 100 was the peak value). Body positions of the subjects at both the catch and finish of each of these rowing strokes were also compared for each stroke rate. The coefficient of multiple determination (CMD) was used to measure the consistency of force curves over a sample of five sequential strokes for each rower. Cross-correlations were performed between the left- and right-side on-water sculling force curves and a mean of these values with the ergometer curve for each rower. Stroke angle/length, which did not vary with rate, was similar for both forms of rowing. The CMDs showed a high consistency across the normalised strokes of each subject (approximately 0.98). Cross-correlation values of 0.91, 0.92, and 0.93 were recorded between the force curves from the ergometer and on-water trials for stroke rates of 24, 26, and 28 strokes/minute, respectively. The mean trunk, thigh and lower leg angles at the catch and finish of the stroke were also similar across the stroke rates as determined by t-tests. Results indicate that technique used on the RowPerfect ergometer was similar to that for on-water sculling, thus validating its use in off-water training.     

运用积分肌电阈评定赛艇运动员有氧耐力的研究

文章报道了江西省赛艇运动员的积分肌电阈均值,指出赛艇运动员的积分肌电阈与乳酸无氧阈、3000米耐力跑成绩,以及6分钟划船测功计全力划行的平均功率,都呈高度相关;同时,发现优秀选手组,不仅在3000米耐力跑成绩和6分钟划船测功计全力划行的平均功率上高于一般选手组,而且在积分肌电阈值上,也高于一般选手组。说明运用积分肌电阈评定赛艇运动员的有氧耐力是可行的。     

A study of the forces exerted by an oarsman and the effect on boat speed

A model of the motion of a single-scull rowing hull has been developed and verified against rowing performance data. The model was then used to explore the effect of changes in the cyclic rowing force on the boat speed. The calculations have shown that the shape of the rowing force curve and the proportion of recovery time in the total stroke can have an important effect on the boat speed. It has also been shown that a study of the fluid mechanics of the oar blade would be advantageous in determining whether a reduction in the power wasted can be obtained by changing the ratio of rowing force to normal force.     

Rowing

The purpose of this study was to compare rowing technique on the dynamic RowPerfect ergometer with a single scull. Eight national‐level rowers performed on both the RowPerfect ergometer and in a single scull over 500 m, at rates of 24, 26, and 28 strokes/minute. Blade force and oar angle (on‐water) and handle force and stroke length (on the ergometer) were measured. Both force and stroke angle/length were normalised from 0 to 100 (where 100 was the peak value). Body positions of the subjects at both the catch and finish of each of these rowing strokes were also compared for each stroke rate. The coefficient of multiple determination (CMD) was used to measure the consistency of force curves over a sample of five sequential strokes for each rower. Cross‐correlations were performed between the left‐ and right‐ side on‐water sculling force curves and a mean of these values with the ergometer curve for each rower. Stroke angle/length, which did not vary with rate, was similar for both forms of rowing. The CMDs showed a high consistency across the normalised strokes of each subject (≈0.98). Cross‐correlation values of 0.91, 0.92, and 0.93 were recorded between the force curves from the ergometer and on‐water trials for stroke rates of 24, 26, and 28 strokes/minute, respectively. The mean trunk, thigh and lower leg angles at the catch and finish of the stroke were also similar across the stroke rates as determined by t‐tests. Results indicate that technique used on the RowPerfect ergometer was similar to that for on‐water sculling, thus validating its use in off‐water training.     

Plasma testosterone and cortisol responses to prolonged sculling in male competitive rowers.

In this study, we examined anabolic and catabolic hormone responses to a single endurance rowing training session in 12 male competitive single scull rowers. A work intensity eliciting a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol(-1) was determined on a rowing ergometer during an endurance rowing training session lasting about 2 h (7891+/-761 s; distance covered 22.6+/-2.5 km; heart rate 136+/-7 beats x min(-1); intensity 77.4+/-3.8% of anaerobic threshold; mean +/- s). Venous blood samples were obtained before and after on-water rowing. Cortisol, testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin were measured and free testosterone and the free testosterone: cortisol ratio calculated. Blood lactate concentration did not change significantly during training (from 1.7+/-0.4 to 1.9+/-0.4 mmol x l(-1)); however, body mass was reduced (from 82.0+/-10.8 to 80.6+/-11.2 kg) and was related to the distance covered (r = -0.75). The concentrations of cortisol and testosterone did not change significantly during rowing or in the first 2 h of recovery. Free testosterone was reduced in the first 2 h of recovery, but no significant changes were observed in the free testosterone: cortisol ratio. Immediately after rowing, the concentrations of cortisol (r = 0.49) and free testosterone (r = -0.58) were related to the distance covered. Our findings indicate that a prolonged low-intensity training session results in a similar anabolic and catabolic hormone stimulus for trained rowers.     

世界赛艇格局及中国赛艇现状分析与发展对策

世界赛艇运动格局正向多极化方向发展，欧洲国家处于赛艇运动的领先地位，未来的发展趋势是各小项争夺激烈，各国普遍实施重点突破的战略，纷纷聘请世界高水平教练等。我国赛艇运动发展较快，但在世界上仍属发展中国家行列。通过与世界水平实力的分析，预测了我国在2004年奥运会上的赛艇参赛项目，认为竞赛体制单一，科研与训练工作结合不好等是我国赛艇运动训练中存在的主要问题，并对我国赛艇今后的发展提出了改革竞赛体制，运动训练以及训练中的科技攻关与服务工作等方面的建议。     

专项功率评价与赛艇水陆训练强度统一的研究

分析了国际上和中国赛艇队对功率评价与赛艇水陆训练强度控制问题的有关研究，对于如何把赛艇陆上测试的功与功率与水上的运动强度统一起来，如何运用功和功率在水陆训练整体评价运动员体能的方法进行了分析；对如何建立起赛艇水陆训练强度测评统一、完整的国家标准和体系进行了探讨。通过水上测试与陆上测功仪的功率数据的合理对应，能准确发现各种技能的细节问题，结合生化指标测试，就可能迅速建立起赛艇水陆训练强度测评统一、完整、先进的国家标准和体系，对2008年奥运会中国体能项目的全面突破和“119工程”的完成有实质的意义。