参归补血精对少年游泳运动员运动能力影响的初步研究

通过对12名少年游泳运动员服用中药补剂“参归补血精”前后血生化指标及运动能力的测定与分析，发现运动员服用该中药补剂后血色素（Hb）、红细胞计数（Bbc）显著增加，血清促红细胞生成素（MPO）、睾酮（C）水平明显提高，而且其运动成绩均不同程度的得到提高。     

共轭亚油酸与运动能力

分析了共轭亚油酸的多种生物学功能，尤其在抗缺氧、抗氧化、提高免疫力及增肌减肥等方面的功效，并对其作为运动营养补剂的发展前景作以展望。     

运动对大鼠心肌线粒体游离钙的影响

采用游泳运动方式，观察了大鼠90分钟运动后，耗竭运动后即刻和耗竭运动24小时后心肌线粒体脂质过氧化水平，抗氧化能力和游离钙含量的变化。发现：90分钟运动后心肌线粒体脂质过氧化水平，抗氧化能力和游离钙含量未见明显变化。而耗竭性游泳后心肌线粒体脂质过氧化水平显著提高，抗氧化能力和游离钙含量显著下降，24小时皆基本恢复。结果揭示耗竭运动时，机体内源性自由基产生，抗氧化能力下降是运动性疲劳和心肌损伤的原因之一。     

中药补剂对小白鼠运动后血清CK水平的影响

对小白鼠用中药补剂连续灌胃2周或4周的实验组与用生理盐水连续灌胃2周或4周的对照组,分别做游泳耐力实验和对负荷运动后血清CK水平的影响实验。结果表明:1.服用补剂2周后小白鼠游泳时间明显延长,P<0.01;运动后12h血清CK值较安静时有升高,但无显著意义。2.对照组在运动后12hCK值明显高于安静时CK值,P<0.01。3.服补剂2周的实验组与对照组在运动后12h,血清中CK值均有上升,但实验组CK值上升幅度显著低于对照组,P<0.01。可见服用补剂2周即可有效降低运动后血清中CK值升高幅度。本研究证实补剂能对运动后肌细胞损伤程度有降低作用。     

运动营养补剂对机体乳酸脱氢酶和肌酸激酶的影响研究

通过查阅大量文献资料，阐述了运动营养补剂的研究情况，综述了运动营养补剂时机体乳酸脱氢酶和肌酸激酶的影响，以期为运动营养补剂的运用及新的研究方向提供理论参考依据。     

番茄红素对力竭运动后人体抗氧化能力的影响

为了研究补充番茄红素对人体递增负荷力竭运动后血清及红细胞抗氧化能力的影响。将16名体育学院大二男生随机分为补剂组和对照组,每组8人。补剂组补充番茄红素15mg/d,对照组补充外观一样的淀粉安慰剂,连续补充四周。检测两组受试者在服用番茄红素及安慰剂前和连续服用4周番茄红素及安慰剂后血清总SOD活力、GSHPX活力、血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、血清MDA含量、和红细胞内SOD活力。然后所有受试者均在电动跑台进行一次递增负荷的力竭运动。力竭运动后即刻测试血清与红细胞指标与运动前相同。结果表明:1)补剂组补充番茄红素后安静状态下,血清总SOD、T-AOC相对补充前有显著性升高(P<0.05),而相对于对照组则有非常显著性升高(P<0.01)。2)一次递增负荷力竭性运动后,对照组血清T-AOC及MDA均出现非常显著性升高(P<0.01),而GSH-PX则出现显著性下降(P<0.05);补剂组血清总SOD和红细胞内SOD均出现非常显著性升高(P<0.01),血清T-AOC出现显著性升高(P<0.05),而GSH-PX出现非常显著性下降(P<0.01)。3)补剂组运动后与对照组比较发现,血清总SOD和GSH-PX分别出现非常显著性(P<0.01)和显著性升高(P<0.05),而血清MDA则出现非常显著性下降(P<0.01)。结论:1)一次递增负荷力竭性运动会引起体育专业大学生血清和红细胞脂质过氧化程度进一步加剧。2)通过预先补充番茄红素四周能增强大学生血清和红细胞的抗氧化能力,有效抵抗力竭运动中产生的氧自由基攻击,减少脂质过氧化产物的产生。     

运动营养补剂与运动员运动能力的关系

科学合理的营养是运动员的动力之源。本文通过查阅大量文献资料,阐述了运动营养补剂的概念和作用机理,介绍了几种常见的营养补剂,说明营养补剂对运动能力具有积极的促进作用。     

螺旋藻的补充对运动能力的影响

螺旋藻是蓝藻门的一种海藻，通常所说的螺旋藻指形体较大的纯顶螺旋藻(Srulina platensis)和巨人螺旋藻(Spirulina maxima)。它含有丰富的蛋白质、氨基酸、多糖、多种维生素和微量元素，具有抗氧化、抗衰老、抗疲劳、降血脂、增强免疫力、增强记忆、提高运动能力等多种功效。本综述通过对螺旋藻的营养价值评价及其对有关运动指标的影响，从而认识螺旋藻的补充对运动能力的促进作用，为开发运动员营养补剂提供一定的理论科学依据。     

运动营养补剂的研究现状与展望

根据各种运动营养补剂的目的不同, 对营养补剂进行归纳和总结, 对近年来的研究进展情况作一综述, 对运动中应用的情况及其与运动能力的关系进行分析, 在此基础上, 预测今后营养补剂的发展前景。     

大强度训练后拳击运动员血清CK异常升高恢复手段的探讨

在对内蒙古拳击队进行的一次大强度训练课后次日晨常规机能监测时,对12名血清CK异常升高的拳击运动员采取了适当减少运动量,同时补充保护细胞膜和抗氧化类营养补剂的措施,并对大强度训练后第3日、第7日晨各项生化指标进行跟踪测试。结果表明:对血清CK异常升高的运动员采取适当减少运动量,同时补充保护细胞膜和抗氧化类营养补剂的措施,可使运动员在不间断训练的情况下,在短时间得以基本恢复。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

全国城乡学生体质20年动态分析

基于1985、1995和2005年全国学生体质调研数据,对各时期我国城乡学生形态、机能、体能发展水平进行系统地定量研究,动态分析20年全国城乡学生体质发展的特点与规律。主要研究结果：（1）近20年城乡学生生长发育持续提前,城市学生各项形态指标生长水平高于乡村,身高城乡差距缩小,体重、胸围城乡差距加大;（2）城市学生肺活量水平高于乡村,城乡学生肺活量20年持续下降,前10年乡村学生下降快、后10年城市学生下降快;（3）乡村学生800m、1000m跑水平高于城市,城市女生50m跑、仰卧起坐水平高于乡村,其他素质城乡学生水平波动较大;（4）城市女生50m跑20年持续下降,城乡学生800m和1000m跑、城市学生50m×8往返跑20年加速下降,其他素质20年间有增有降发展极不平稳。     

定向运动对大学生身心健康发展的实践研究

采用测量、问卷调查、数理统计等方法,分析定向运动学习前后对大学生身心健康的影响.结果经T检验和x2检验且表明：定向运动不仅能增强学生体质健康水平,而且有助于学生的情绪调节,增强自信心与创新意识,培养勇敢顽强的意志品质,建立良好的人际关系,能有效地促进学生身心健康发展.为了全面提高大学生整体素质,积极实践,构建定向运动课内外一体化教学模式,进行定向运动课程模块化教学,以满足学生的多元化需求.     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。     

上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点探析

本文在专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计和文献资料分析的基础上,探析了上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点、参与者对社区体育赛事运作管理的看法等问题。在此基础上从引进社区体育赛事的志愿者、整合社区体育赛事的各种资源、开发社区体育竞赛的无形资产、组建非营利性的专业团队、规范社区体育赛事的服务管理等方面提出了进一步满足上海社区居民日益增长的体育竞赛参赛需求的对策与措施。     

对全面把握游泳训练环节的探讨

从系统观点出发,结合训练实践,对全面把握游泳训练环节进行探讨。认为应强化非智力因素在运动员多年训练中的作用,在育材全过程中不断选材,从整体上把握动态训练的全过程,把培养高水平运动员的整个过程置于一个严格的科学控制之下。     

我国优秀游泳运动员出发技术辅助训练的研究

为改进我国优秀游泳运动员的出发技术,采用观测和实验方法,通过拍摄运动员陆上和水下出发技术录像以及出发计时,对出发技术进行运动生物力学诊断和分析。在此基础上,根据运动员自身特点和不同泳姿提出相应的入水启动方式,并研制出发训练辅助器材,对出发预备姿势、腾起角度以及飞行远度和入水角进行控制。实践证明:这是一种快捷、有效的出发技术辅助训练方法。