Effects of obesity on breast size,thoracic spine structure and function,upper torso musculoskeletal pain and physical activity in women

Purpose:This study investigated the effects of obesity on breast size,thoracic spine structure and function,upper torso musculoskeletal pain and physical activity participation in women living independently in the community.Methods:A total of 378 women were divided into 3 groups(Not Overweight:body mass index(BMI)=22.5±0.2 kg/m^2(mean±SE);Overweight:BMI=27.4±0.3 kg/m^2;Obese:BMI=35.4±0.3 kg/m^2).Outcome variables of breast volume(mL),thoracic flexion torque(N·m),thoracic kyphosis(degrees),upper torso musculoskeletal pain(score) and time spent in physical activity(min) were calculated and compared among the 3 groups,adjusting for between-group differences in age.Results:There was a significant main effect of BMI on all outcome variables.Participants classified as Obese displayed significantly larger breasts,had greater thoracic flexion torques and reported less time participating in physical activity relative to the participants who were classified as Not Overweight and Overweight.Participants in the Obese group also displayed significantly more thoracic kyphosis and reported significantly more upper torso musculoskeletal pain compared to their counterparts who were classified as Not Overweight.Conclusion:This study is the first to demonstrate that increased obesity levels were associated with compromised kyphosis and loading of the thoracic spine,as well as increased symptoms of upper torso musculoskeletal pain and reduced time spent in physical activity in women living in the community.We recommend further research to determine whether evidence-based interventions designed to reduce the flexion torque generated on the thoracic spine can improve these symptoms of upper torso musculoskeletal pain and the ability of women with obesity to participate in physical activity.     

Estimates of voluntary activation in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Effects of type of stimulator,number of stimuli,and quantification technique

Background:Accurate quantification of voluntary activation is important for understanding the extent of quadriceps dysfunction in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction(ACLR).Voluntary activation has been quantified using both percent activation derived from the interpolated twitch technique and central activation ratio(CAR)derived from the burst superimposition technique,as well as by using different types of electrical stimulators and pulse train conditions.However,it is unclear how these parameters affect voluntary activation estimates in individuals with ACLR.This study was performed to fill this important knowledge gap in the anterior cruciate ligament literature.Methods:Quadriceps strength and voluntary activation were examined in 18 ACLR participants(12 quadriceps/patellartendon graft,6 hamstring tendon graft;time since ACLR:1.06±0.82 years,mean±SD)at 90°of knee flexion using 2 stimulators(Digitimer and Grass)and pulse train conditions(3-pulse and 10-pulse).Voluntary activation was quantified by calculating both CAR and percent activation.Results:Results indicated that voluntary activation was significantly overestimated by CAR when compared with percent activation(p<0.001).Voluntary activation estimates were not affected by pulse train conditions when using percent activation;however,3-pulse stimuli resulted in greater overestimation than 10-pulse stimuli when using CAR(p=0.003).Voluntary activation did not differ between stimulators(p>0.05);however,the Digitimer evoked greater torque at rest than the Grass(p<0.001).Conclusion:These results indicate that percent activation derived from the interpolated twitch technique provides superior estimates of voluntary activation than CAR derived from burst superimposition and is less affected by pulse train conditions or stimulators in individuals with ACLR.     

Transition to forefoot strike reduces load rates more effectively than altered cadence

Background: Excessive vertical impacts at landing are associated with common running injuries. Two primary gait-retraining interventions aimed at reducing impact forces are transition to forefoot strike and increasing cadence. The objective of this study was to compare the shortand long-term effects of 2 gait-retraining interventions aimed at reducing landing impacts.Methods: A total of 39 healthy recreational runners using a rearfoot strike and a cadence of 170 steps/min were randomized into cadence(CAD) or forefoot strike(FFS) groups. All participants performed 4 weeks of strengthening followed by 8 sessions of gait-retraining using auditory feedback. Vertical average load rates(VALR) and vertical instantaneous load rates(VILR) were calculated from the vertical ground reaction force curve. Both cadence and foot strike angle were measured using 3D motion analysis and an instrumented treadmill at baseline and at 1 week,1 month, and 6 months post retraining.Results: ANOVA revealed that the FFS group had significant reductions in VALR(49.7%) and VILR(41.7%), and changes were maintained long term. Foot strike angle in the FFS group changed from 14.2° dorsiflexion at baseline to 3.4° plantarflexion, with changes maintained long term. The CAD group exhibited significant reduction only in VALR(16%) and only at 6 months. Both groups had significant and similar increases in cadence at all follow-ups(CAD, +7.2% to 173 steps/min;and FFS, +6.1% to 172 steps/min).Conclusion: Forefoot strike gait-retraining resulted in significantly greater reductions in VALR and similar increases in cadence compared to cadence gait-retraining in the short and long term. Cadence gait-retraining resulted in small reductions in VALR at only the 6-month follow-up.     

Face to Face

子非 1.“We know that we’ve alreadybeaten Chelsea and that we can doit again if we perform at our bestds We‘ve shown that before.They havealways been hard games againstChelsea but maybe we’ve had theDsyChlongical advantage.All runseventually have to come to an end!We will treat it as a normal game,1ike the semi-finals of the FA Cup.The good thing is that there willbe an Engllsh team 1n the semi-finals.But the negative thing isthat 1t takes a bit of the charmaway from a European CUP tie.Youexpect to Play a team from anothercountry.No matter which team doesit,they are worthy winners.Butat the moment,we have a big taskin the Quarter-finals and it’S notsure that the winners will faceReal Madrid."     

The mirror’s curse: Weight perceptions mediate the link between physical activity and life satisfaction among 727,865 teens in 44 countries

Purpose:The present study aimed to examine the link between physical activity(PA)and life satisfaction in a large international study of adolescents.We also aimed to test whether overweight and underweight perceptions act as mediators and whether age and sex acted as moderators.Methods:For this purpose,we analyzed data from the Health Behavior in School-aged Children study,which comprises 727,865 observations from 44 nations at 4 measurement occasions.Results:Multilevel analyses revealed a positive link between PA and life satisfaction.In addition,underweight and overweight perceptions mediated the effect of PA on life satisfaction.We further found that age and sex acted as moderators.In older adolescents,stronger effects were found in the links between PA and life satisfaction,PA and overweight perception,and both weight perceptions and life satisfaction.In addition,in female adolescents,the link between overweight perception and life satisfaction was stronger.Conversely,the links between PA and both weight perceptions were stronger for boys.Conclusion:The results suggest that weight perception explains part of the relationship between PA and life satisfaction in adolescents and that these effects vary as a function of age and sex.     

Impact of age on host responses to diet-induced obesity:Development of joint damage and metabolic set points

Background:Osteoarthritis is one of the leading causes of pain and disability worldwide,and a large percentage of patients with osteoarthritis are individuals who are also obese.In recent years,a series of animal models have demonstrated that obesity-inducing diets can result in synovial joint damage(both with and without the superimposition of trauma),which may be related to changes in percentage of body fat and a series of low-level systemic inflammatory mediators.Of note,there is a disparity between whether the dietary challenges commence at weaning,representing a weanling onset,or at skeletal maturity,representing an adult onset of obesity.We wished to evaluate the effect ofthe dietary exposure time and the age at which animals are exposed to a high-fat and high-sucrose(HFS) diet to determine whether these factors may result in disparate outcomes,as there is evidence suggesting that these factors result in differential metabolic disturbances.Based on dietary exposure time,we hypothesized that rats fed an HFS diet for 14 weeks from weaning(HFS Weanling) would demonstrate an increase in knee joint damage scores,whereas rats exposed to the HFS diet for 4 weeks,starting at 12 weeks of age(HFS Adult) and rats exposed to a standard chow diet(Chow)would not display an increase in knee joint damage scores.Methods:Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either an HFS diet for 14 weeks from weaning(HFS Weanling) or an HFS diet for 4 weeks,starting at 12 weeks of age(HFS Adult).At sacrifice,joints were scored using the modified Mankin Criteria,and serum was analyzed for a defined subset of inflammatory markers(Interleukin-6,leptin,monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,and tumor necrosis factorα).Results:When the HFS Weanling and HFS Adult groups were compared,both groups had a similar percent of body fat,although the HFS Weanling group had a significantly greater body mass than the HFS Adult group.The HFS Weanling and HFS Adult animals had a significant increase in body mass and percentage of body fat when compared to the Chow group.Although knee joint damage scores were low in all 3 groups,we found,contrary to our hypothesis,that the HFS Adult group had statistically significant greater knee joint damage scores than the Chow and HFS Weanling groups.Furthermore,we observed that the HFS Weanling group did not have significant differences in knee joint damage scores relative to the Chow group.Conclusion:These findings indicate that the HFS Weanling animals were better able to cope with the dietary challenge of an HFS diet than the HFS Adult group.Interestingly,when assessing various serum proinflammatory markers,no significant differences were detected between the HTS Adult and HFS Weanling groups.Although details regarding the mechanisms underlying an increase in knee joint damage scores in the HFS Adult group remain to be elucidated,these findings indicate that dietary exposure time maybe less important than the age at which an HFS diet is introduced.Moreover,increases in serum proinflammatory mediators do not appear to be directly linked to knee joint damage scores in the HFS Weanling group animals but may be partially responsible for the observed knee joint damage in the adults over the very short time of exposure to the HFS diet.     

力量、功率及弹跳速度之间的关系研究——基于对不同负荷的一项 SJ 测试

Objective：To explore the relationship between strength,power and ballistic under different load conditions. Methods：Selected 22 students of physical education as test object,SJ test（Squad Jump Test）was completed by using 3-D force platform（Kistler）under three kinds of load（0%BW,30%BW,60%BW）. Results：The correlation between strength and power under different load conditions is not conclusive,under the condition of 30%BW was the highest and reached a significant leve（lr=0.451,P<0.05）,0%BW load conditions is the lowest correlation and not significant（r=0.383,P>0.05）;cor－ relation between the strength and speed of 0%BW and 30%BW loading conditions are relatively low and not significant （r0%BW=0.292;r30%BW=0.350）,however,the relationship is relative higher under 60%BW conditions and significantly （r=0.501,P<0.05）;there was a significant correlation between thepower and speed of three load （r0%BW=0.728;r30%bw=0.737;r60%BW=0.633）. Conclusions：Force development simply does not necessarily improve the power and human body movement speed,which is to be influenced by external load;it is to be improved synchronization only in the high load training conditions.     

奥林匹克“五”知道

The Olympic flag has a plain white background with no border. In the centre are five rings forming two rows of three rings above and two below. The rings of the upper row are, from left to right, blue, black and red. The rings of the lower row are yellow and green.The rings are thought to symbolise the five continents; Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and America. It is widely believed that the colours of the rings were chosen because at least one of them can be found in the flag of every nation, though this has never been confirmed as the intention of the designer.The flag was presented by Games founder Baron de Coubertin at the 1914 Olympic Congress, celebrating the 20th anniversary of the founding of the IOC. It was first flown in Alexandria, Greece, but made its Olympic debut at the 1920 Antwerp Games. This well-worn flag was finally retired after the 1984 Games, and a new one flown at the 1988 Seoul Games.     

读者俱乐部

RELAYS General characteristics Relay comprises a number of legs each of which is covered by a different athlete.Though there are standard events,relays and relay legs can be of any distance and often the various team members.In track relays each runner carries a baton by hand while running and at the completion of his or her leg exchanges it with the next leg runner.In road or cross country relays batons,sashes. and even the touch of hands can be used for the ex- changes.     

Overtraining/Overreaching:Leptin and Ghrelin in Male Recruits

Background In many sports,athletes with low body weight and/or low body fat content have a distinct advantage over their opponents.Such an advantage can easily turn into a noticeable disadvantage because low body weight and 'leanness' may also be associated with health problems.Anorexia Athletica(AA) is associated with leanness and thinness in female and male sports athletes despite the fact that these athletes are often very successful.High-competitive athletes often restrict their caloric intake and/or increase their energy expenditure to maintain a low body mass and/or a low amount of body fat.Several metabolic and endocrine disturbances are often the result of prolonged energy restriction.These disturbances can be detected by alterations in the hormonal profile(low levels of leptin,increased levels of ghrelin) and in changes in body composition.     

论体育院校学报编辑的学术责任

有学术素养的体育院校学报编辑当充分了解体育学科的特性,谙熟体育院校学报的办刊状况与学术水准,肩负起引领体育学科学术发展方向的责任,积极引导体育学科学术争鸣的动向,善于扶持体育科研园地中的学术新秀,努力倡导体育科研中的学术创新,坚决反对学术不端行为。     

高校高水平运动员心理健康模型建构

通过文献资料、访谈、问卷调查及数理统计等研究方法,从心理健康的积极方面探讨高校高水平运动员心理健康的结构特点,构建高校高水平运动员心理健康模型,在此基础上编制并检验量表.结果表明:目标与方向感、掌控环境、调控情绪、自我接纳、胜任感、自主性、自我表现,这7个维度能够很好地解释高校高水平运动员心理健康模型;经信效度检验,该模型内在质量理想,量表符合心理测量学要求,可以作为评价高校高水平运动员心理健康的有效工具.     

武术的文化进程探析

对武术由一项原始格斗技术发展成文化载体的演进历程进行研究。认为:先秦文化的繁荣使武术初具文化特色;集中国传统文化之大成的宋明理学的世俗化,促使武术成为成熟的文化载体,具有多方面文化特色;西方文化及竞技体育改变武术发展中的不良趋向,但降低了武术的层次。     

上海体育学院毕业生的就业状况及行业流向分析

运用文献资料法和数据统计研究方法，对上海体育学院近年来毕业生的就业状况和行业流向进行分析和比较。研完表明．我院毕业生仍以教育系统和各类相关事业单位为主：到普教、新闻、公安武警系统就业比例呈下降趋势；到医疗系统的就业率较低；参加考研、第二学位人数持续上升；非上海生源总体就业率高于上海生源。     

绿道体育健身环境规划初探

本文阐述了绿道体育健身环境概念和特点,提出建设绿道体育健身环境的最大效益、相对独立和分散集中的规划原则以及层级建设模式,阐述了绿道健身环境的景观设计。     

脑力、体力劳动者足底压力参数分布特征及评定

通过分析脑力、体力劳动者自然行走过程中峰力值（maxforce，MF）、达峰力值时间（time to max force）、冲量（impulse）等参数特征，探讨职业对足底压力分布的影响。采用比利时Footscan USB2平板式足底压测试系统对50名普通健康脑力劳动者和63名普通健康体力劳动者进行自然行走过程中动态足底压力测试。结果显示：脑力、体力劳动者左脚Toel、Toe2-5、Heel Lateral区域平均峰值（MF）存在显著性差异，右脚Mid foot、Meta5区域MF差异存在非常显著性（P〈0．01），左、右双足平均峰力值（MF）最大值均出现在足跟内侧（Heel Medial）。脑力、体力劳动者足底各区域达峰力值的时间（TMF），左右双足差异均存在非常显著性（P〈0．01）。脑力劳动者与体力劳动者行走过程中左足在Toel、Toe2-5、Meta1、Heel Medial、Heel Lateral区域的冲量（Impulse，IP），体力劳动者明显大于脑力劳动者且具有显著性差异〈0．01），体力劳动者与脑力劳动者的足底MF与足弓接触面积及足角度存在不同程度的相关。结果说明：脑力劳动者与体力劳动者行走过程中左右双足的平均峰力值、接触面积、冲量等参数都存在不同程度的差异，可能与长期从事的职业不同有关，建议经常进行体育锻炼或定制矫形鞋垫，可以缓解足底压力高压区的过度集中，不断维护足健康水平。     

大学生体育社团运作方式探索

通过访谈和个案分析对上海对外贸易学院学生体育社团的运作方式进行了实例研究，结果表明：建立社团联合会与体育部“双重管理”模式，更有利于体育社团的发展，体育社团的多种组建方式为体育社团提供了更多的发展机会，体育社团将是大学体育课外活动的主要载体，“联合式”体育社团组建方式是“体教结合”的新尝试。     

中国传统武术话语权危机与提升策略

在梳理中国传统武术话语权发展历程的基础上,分析当前中国传统武术话语权式微问题的主要表现,即本质功能淡化、表层利益化严重、媒介记忆影响受众现实的真实性、媒介记忆受大众审美的影响等。进而提出话语权提升策略：传播主体方面,由"走出去"转为"互动化";受众方面,提高审美能力;媒介方面,关注社会记忆的责任与义务。     

武术商业化比赛的现状分析

文章对武术的商业化比赛现状进行研究,了解其发展状况及存在的问题,指出武术商业化比赛发展对中国武术的发展起着至关重要的作用,通过商业化比赛的运作可以扩大武术的影响,使人们对武术的理解更加宽泛,凸显武术的民族性特征,有助于武术技法的现代发展。对武术立足国内,推向世界有着深远的意义。     

我国体育场馆经营绩效评估实证研究

以我国10个城市体育场馆相关主管为调查对象,通过问卷调查法、访谈法及文献分析法,兼以平衡计分卡的观点,探讨我国各体育场馆现行经营绩效的现状。结果:我国体育场馆经营绩效指标构成中,顾客维度占有最高的权重值,且"顾客满意度"占顾客维度的关键驱动因素权重超过七成,显示顾客需求将是未来我国体育场馆的经营核心。实地评估后可知,财务维度的执行度最好,其次是顾客满意度和内部程序维度。经营绩效规划与实际评估表现之间确有差异,因此,各市体育场馆在顾客维度的规划方面应考虑内外部环境的配合,确实反映顾客需求。从经营绩效评估四大维度总得分得知,总体表现以北京市、上海市为最好,而四川省体育馆因其组织结构性因素,在四个维度的成效均为最低。