基于排污权交易的最优减排研发补贴研究

通过两阶段博弈模型构建,文章研究了排污权交易条件下的最优减排研发补贴政策,分析了减排研发补贴政策对污染物减排、企业利润及社会福利的影响,并进一步利用数值模拟方法讨论了减排研发补贴与排污税政策搭配使用的效果。结论表明:首先,当排污权的市场交易价格小于某一阈值时,政府应对企业的减排研发进行适当补贴;当交易价格等于或超过该阈值时,政府不提供补贴或对企业的减排研发进行征税。其次,排污权交易条件下,减排研发补贴政策具有较好的减排效果,并且能够提高企业的利润和社会福利水平。最后,政府选择合适的排污税与研发补贴搭配使用不仅能激活排污权交易市场,还能使得研发补贴政策的利润和社会福利效果最优,从而实现经济和环境的协调发展。     

溢出率、减排研发合作行为和最优补贴政策

通过建立一个关于政府和双寡头的三阶段研发-补贴博弈模型,在征收排放税的条件下,分别对合作和不合作减排研发的政府研发补贴政策进行研究。研究发现:(1)在补贴条件下,合作研发情形下的社会福利比不合作情形下要高;产业的溢出率较小时,企业进行研发合作会比不合作获得更多利润,而在产业的溢出率较大时,则刚好相反;(2)在补贴条件下,当产业的溢出率较小时,企业选择合作研发行为;当溢出率较大时,企业选择不合作研发行为。针对不同的减排研发合作行为有不同的补贴政策。     

减排视角下企业的最优研发与补贴

以博弈论为理论基础,构建了研发补贴与污染排放税收下的企业研发模型,研究了减排目标下企业的最优研发水平、最优研发补贴和最优污染排放税收。研究结果显示:适当的污染排放税收有利于企业研发投入和产量的提高;研发补贴不会对企业的研发投入产生"排挤效应",可以较大程度上提高企业研发投入的积极性;企业对环境的污染需控制在社会可接受收的范围内,否则,企业的生产活动会被政府停止。     

环境政策与环境偏向型技术进步

分析环境政策对环境偏向型技术进步的影响及其机制对于中国节能减排和绿色低碳发展具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。本文首先在Acemoglu等环境技术进步偏向模型的基础上数理演绎了环境税和研发补贴对环境偏向型技术进步的影响及其机制,然后采用标准化供给面系统法测度了中国30个省份1997-2017年的环境技术进步偏向指数,最后利用动态空间面板模型实证分析了这两种环境政策及其政策组合对环境偏向型技术进步的影响及其机制。研究发现：①我国环境技术进步整体上偏向于清洁生产,但仍有不少省份环境技术进步偏向于非清洁生产。②环境税与环境偏向型技术进步之间存在显著的U型关系,而当前我国大多数地区环境税低于拐点,即环境税使得环境技术进步偏向于非清洁生产;研发补贴和政策组合显著有利于环境技术进步偏向于清洁生产。③环境税、研发补贴及其政策组合均是通过抑制价格效应和扩大市场规模效应进而对环境偏向型技术进步产生影响,但环境税引致的价格效应大于市场规模效应,而研发补贴和政策组合引致的市场规模效应大于价格效应。     

质量竞争、技术溢出与最优补贴战略

基于产品质量竞争视角,构建了包含纵向和横向差异的拟线性效用函数,利用博弈论和信息经济学分析方法进行了模型推演和数值模拟,并细分销售环节的差异性和研发环节的外部性两个维度,对国家技术创新战略转型当中政府补贴政策的效率进行福利分析。研究发现:第一,要达到同等的社会福利水平,如果对企业的生产活动进行补贴,所需要的费用远高于对研发活动的补贴,并且多支出的部分全部转化成了企业的利润;第二,补贴效率与产品横向差异呈"U"型关系,表明对技术溢出水平高的产业进行补贴其福利提升的效果要明显的高于对技术溢出水平低的产业进行补贴。为此,政府在进行产业发展战略规划时,应当结合产业生命周期的不同阶段,实行差异化和有针对性的扶持与补贴政策。     

研发模式、技术溢出与政府最优补贴强度

基于产品质量提高型创新视角,将技术溢出水平、产品水平差异与垂直质量差异等因素一起纳入分析框架,构建三阶段动态博弈模型,探讨了不同研发模式下企业研发投入决策和政府最优补贴政策。结果显示:政府补贴有利于提高企业研发投入的积极性与社会福利水平,不会产生"挤出效应";技术溢出水平与产品差异化程度均对不同研发模式下政府最优补贴强度的影响有较大差异;在政府最优补贴强度下,研发竞争与研发合作模式中企业的研发投入、产品质量及社会福利水平是相同的,企业倾向于选择利润最大化的研发模式。算例分析结果进一步验证了模型的有效性。为此,企业自身应加强研发投入,提高产品质量竞争力,而政府则应针对不同的研发创新模式与产业周期特征制定合理的补贴强度区间,同时应加强企业补贴资格审查制度建设,提高创新激励效率。     

企业研究与开发的规模报酬与政府政策

文章综述了传统的研发驱动的内生经济增长理论,通过引入模型讨论了研发的规模报酬递减条件下企业研发投入及政府的研发政策,并结合我国产业的现状指出政府为产业领先者提供生产补贴和研发补贴并对新的产业领先企业的利润征税能使社会福利达到最优.     

企业研究与开发的规模报酬与政策政策

文章综述了传统的研发驱动的内生经济增长理论,通过引入模型讨论了研发的规模报酬递减条件下企业研发投入及政府的研发政策,并结合我国产业的现状指出政府为产业领先者提供生产补贴和研发补贴并对新的产业领先企业的利润征税能使社会福利达到最优。     

企业低碳技术创新政策工具及其比较研究

在创新资源有限的前提下,企业选择低碳技术创新的必要条件是其收益大于其他类型的创新活动。本文在传统的A-J模型框架内,引入低碳技术创新的机会成本,系统分析了碳排放税、碳排放标准、减排补贴和碳排放许可四种环境政策工具对企业创新选择的影响。模型结果表明:每一种环境政策工具都存在一个最优水平,但其对企业低碳技术创新的激励效果和经济效益有所区别。通过对比分析发现,市场机制完善的环境政策工具更能促进企业选择低碳技术创新;而鼓励导向的环境政策工具更能促进企业创新活动的经济效益。本文研究结论可以为政府制定环境政策工具组合,提供理论指导。     

基于环境CGE模型的水污染税政策绩效评估

在当前污染形势严峻而环境政策体系尚不完善的背景下,进行环境政策创新势在必行。以水污染税为例,并设置了3种不同税率的政策情景,通过构建环境CGE模型对水污染税的开征进行仿真分析,并从污染减排效果和宏观经济冲击2个方面对中国环境政策创新的绩效进行了评估。研究结果表明,在污染减排方面,水污染税的开征对大多数部门化学需氧量的排放起到了显著的抑制作用,且随着税率的不断提高,污染减排的效果亦逐渐增强,但存在边际效应递减的现象;在宏观经济增长方面,水污染税导致了GDP及大部分部门产出的下降,但下降幅度非常小,表明中国企业已经有能力应对更严厉的环境政策所导致的成本上涨,对经济系统的冲击属于可承受的范围。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Our Own Devices: Heterotopic Communication, Discourse, and Culture in the Information Society 1

The main premise of this article is that in information societies generally, and in virtual social contexts particularly, a distinctive style of interaction to facilitate the communication of difference, heterotopic communication , has emerged. It rests on two cultural foundations: an ideological belief in the positive, socially integrating power of communication, and a prevailing ethic of instrumental rationality, subjective individualism, and strategically practiced self-interest. The former is demonstrated by the use of simulation and spectacle as sources of information; exhibitionism/voyeurism as a communicative style; and the awareness of surveillance. The latter is seen in the competitive use of knowledge as a commodity; a surface globalism masking deep parochialism; lateral as well as vertical information inequity; and the use of public versus private as strategies for engagement rather than as spaces. Those who engage in heterotopic communication resort to their 'own devices' both in the sense of personal agendas, strategies, interests, and interpretations, and in the form of the telecommunication tools that help realize them. These personal and technological devices allow individuals with the right educational and technical resources to avoid exposure to disagreement, difference, or other information that does not serve their direct purposes or reflect their particular views of the world; yet they also help convey the appearance of openness, availability, and cooperation. This style of interaction is used strategically in combination with information and communication technologies to gain social or economic advantages, but it may encourage social separatism and parochialism, inhibit the negotiation of disputes, and emphasize competing interests.