关于世界跳马比赛动作的难度、类型与稳度关系的研究

以参加悉尼奥运会男女跳马决赛的16名选手为主要对象，对跳马比赛的特点、动作的难度、类型、落地技术与稳度关系等作了研究。结果表明，跳马比赛有“一落定音”的特点；动作难度应与能力相适应，并在稳定落地的前提下逐步提高；在动作类型上，男子以推手瞬时便于发挥视觉作用的动作，女子以直体空翻转体类动作为潮流，腾空后均以前向落地为主；重视落地技术的训练，是提高跳马成绩的又一个关键因素。     

第39届世界体操锦标赛女子跳马比赛技术的研究

对第39届世界体操锦标赛女子跳马决赛的比赛动作所进行对比分析的结果表明:女子跳马动作类型选择集中于踺子上板类动作,动作难度与动作质量是制约跳马运动发展的关键,动作加难的重点在第2腾空阶段.     

新奥运周期世界女子跳马运动发展趋势的研究

通过对3届世界体操锦标赛和伦敦奥运会女子跳马决赛的比赛动作进行对比分析研究,目的在于探讨世界女子跳马运动的发展趋势。研究结果表明:世界女子跳马动作的类型集中在"尤尔琴科"和"踺子后手翻180°"两个组别,难度动作的选择趋于分散,动作难度和动作质量需要提高,提高动作难度成为制胜的前提,在增加难度的基础上提高动作质量是取得优异成绩的关键。     

从第38届世界体操锦标赛看女子跳马运动的发展趋势

本文采用录像分析法、文献资料法、数理统计法,对第38届世界体操锦标赛中获女子跳马前8名运动员的比赛成绩、动作难度、类型及完成情况进行了分析与讨论。目的是为了探讨未来女子跳马项目的发展趋势,进一步提高我国女子跳马运动的竞争实力,为以后的训练及竞赛提供参考。     

新规则下世界女子跳马运动发展趋势的研究

本文通过对第39届、第40届世界体操锦标赛女子跳马决赛的比赛动作进行了对比分析研究,探讨了新规则下世界女子跳马运动的发展趋势。结果表明:女子跳马项目出现了运动员的垄断性,动作类型选择集中于踺子上板类动作,难度动作的选择趋于分散,动作难度和动作质量需要提高,提高动作难度成为制胜的前提。     

加强跳马落地稳定性——体操训练中急待解决的问题

近几年世界女子跳马技术的发展是异常迅速的,出现了手翻前空翻两周半这样惊险的动作。但从国内、国际比赛来看,我国女子跳马与其它三个项目相比,仍处于落后状态。1980年在哈特福德市举行的“对抗莫斯科奥运会”比赛中,我国在大获全胜的情况下,只有跳马输给美国0.5分;同年在全国少年比赛中,各单项前六名得分跳马也是最     

基于第51届世界体操锦标赛女子跳马运动的发展趋势探讨

竞技体操是以运动员竞技能力为核心,以身体素质、基本技术、战术及心理素质等为主要训练内容,通过器械锻炼身体,让其掌握基本技术要领的运动项目。随着各国体操项目的不断发展,跳马运动技术逐渐成为当今竞技体操项目的主要内容,跳马比赛的激烈程度与难度系数成正比,比赛过程中运动员所表现出来的技战术水平决定了该项目的整体水平,因此,研究女子跳马运动的发展趋势是当今世界体操运动队必须面临的重要问题。研究表明：（1）女子跳马运动整体水平虽呈下降趋势,但仍有部分选手保持较好的竞技状态,世界顶级选手之间的竞技水平差异不大;（2）从技术动作和难度动作来看,世界女子跳马优秀选手的动作选择趋向于高难大;（3）从动作完成情况来看,难度动作是运动员主要的得分手段;（4）从裁判打分情况来看,裁判对难度与完成度均有一定要求。该文通过对第51届世界体操锦标赛女子跳马项目运动员的技术特征、发展趋势的研究,以期为我国女子跳马项目运动员今后的训练和比赛提供一些参考。     

从第27届奥运会体操比赛看世界男子跳马发展趋势

采用录像观察、查阅文献资料等方法，对第27届奥运会男子体操跳马决赛运动员的动作起评分与完成情况进行了研究，结合近2年世界体操大赛获跳马奖牌运动员的相关材料，分析了当今世界男子跳马的发展趋势。结果表明，掌握“双10分”起评动作是跳马比赛发展的明显趋向，提高动作成功率是跳马比赛取胜的条件，确保落地稳定是跳马比赛夺冠的关键。     

新奥运周期女子跳马技术的探讨

加快掌握高难动作是女子跳马发展的趋向,掌握两个不同类型的10分起评动作,是优秀选手发展的重点。女子跳马技术的发展,仍将集中在"踺子后空翻"、"侧手翻"、"前手翻"和"踺子转体"四种类型的动作上,以"直体"完成不同类型的两种动作,是当今女子跳马动作选择的主要特征。"前手翻类"动作的发展潜力和"踺子后手翻类"动作的完成力度将加大,"踺子转体类"动作的完成将倾向"转体180°";而采用"笠松"侧手翻来尽快提高跳马动作完成难度的选手将会增多;确保动作质量及落地稳定是跳马比赛夺冠的关键。     

我国女子跳马现状与难新动作的发展方向

通过调研、文献资料及技术分析等研究方法,分析我国女子跳马项目难度动作的发展现状,剖析了我国女子跳马项目发展难新动作的有利条件,提出了今后几年我国女子跳马项目发展难新动作的方向。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

全国城乡学生体质20年动态分析

基于1985、1995和2005年全国学生体质调研数据,对各时期我国城乡学生形态、机能、体能发展水平进行系统地定量研究,动态分析20年全国城乡学生体质发展的特点与规律。主要研究结果：（1）近20年城乡学生生长发育持续提前,城市学生各项形态指标生长水平高于乡村,身高城乡差距缩小,体重、胸围城乡差距加大;（2）城市学生肺活量水平高于乡村,城乡学生肺活量20年持续下降,前10年乡村学生下降快、后10年城市学生下降快;（3）乡村学生800m、1000m跑水平高于城市,城市女生50m跑、仰卧起坐水平高于乡村,其他素质城乡学生水平波动较大;（4）城市女生50m跑20年持续下降,城乡学生800m和1000m跑、城市学生50m×8往返跑20年加速下降,其他素质20年间有增有降发展极不平稳。     

定向运动对大学生身心健康发展的实践研究

采用测量、问卷调查、数理统计等方法,分析定向运动学习前后对大学生身心健康的影响.结果经T检验和x2检验且表明：定向运动不仅能增强学生体质健康水平,而且有助于学生的情绪调节,增强自信心与创新意识,培养勇敢顽强的意志品质,建立良好的人际关系,能有效地促进学生身心健康发展.为了全面提高大学生整体素质,积极实践,构建定向运动课内外一体化教学模式,进行定向运动课程模块化教学,以满足学生的多元化需求.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

摔跤常见技术动作开始的发力特征研究

采用专门研制的摔跤测力装置,对过胸摔、挟颈背、拉臂转移和滚桥技术动作开始发力的力学特征进行测试分析,结果表明,上述动作开始的发力具有力值大和力的梯度大的特点,均有爆发用力的特征。其中过胸摔和滚桥主要把位发力最大,其总合力和力的梯度也最大。     

按摩器刺激对提高普通高校健美操专选学生柔韧性训练效果的实验研究

柔韧素质是健美操专业学生的专项素质之一,通过对普通高校健美操专业学生分组对照进行柔韧性训练的实验研究,认为对训练肌群辅以按摩器振颤刺激,可大大提高柔韧性训练效果。     

我国城市体育自然环境建设与发展的研究

采用实地调查研究、理性思维研究和文献资料调研等方法对主要问题进行了专门研究，提出了进行城市体育场所区域生态功能区划、设计体育生态功能区布局的方案、做好体育场所绿色环境系统规划、制定体育场所生态与绿地管理措施等基本观点，提出了若干城市体育自然环境建设与发展的对策。     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。