增强式训练对运动员下肢运动能力影响的Meta分析

目的评估增强式训练对运动员下肢运动能力的影响。方法按照检索、筛选、合格、纳入4个步骤对3个数据库(Web of science、Pub Med、SPORTDiscus)进行文献检索,并通过纳入标准和排除标准对符合研究的文献进行编码,使用物理治疗循证数据库(PEDro)对研究文献进行质量评估,运用stata13.0软件对各项指标进行Meta分析。结果 1)增强式训练对下肢垂直跳跃能力的提高有中等效应的正向影响[SMD=0.64,95%CI (0.24,1.04)];2)增强式训练对下肢短跑成绩的提高有中等效应的正向影响[SMD=-0.71,95%CI (-0.95,-0.47)];3)增强式训练对血液中CK浓度的提高具有较大的影响[SMD=0.89,95%CI (0.36,1.41)]。结论增强式训练是提高运动员下肢运动能力的一种有效训练方法,主要表现在垂直跳跃、短跑能力上,但也会造成下肢酸痛,在制定训练计划时应充分考虑这一因素。     

传统深蹲和铁链深蹲训练对下肢最大力量和爆发力的影响

目的:探究铁链深蹲和传统深蹲对下肢最大力量和爆发力训练效果的影响。方法:20名男性受试者随机分成两组,分别实施6周的铁链深蹲和传统深蹲,测试训练前后最大力量(1RM),测力台测试垂直纵跳高度和力的发展率(RFD)。结果:两组训练后下肢最大力量、纵跳高度均显著提高,铁链组纵跳时力的发展速率显著提高。结论:铁链深蹲不仅可以提高最大力量和纵跳高度,且更有助于整体爆发力的发展。     

电刺激训练对散打运动员下肢力量及鞭腿影响的实验研究

运用电刺激技术对散打运动员进行电刺激训练,以探讨电刺激对散打运动员下肢力量及鞭腿的影响。30名男性散打运动员随机分成对照组(15人)和实验组(15人),对照组和实验组执行正常的散打训练计划,实验组另附加每天1小时电刺激,共10周。结果表明:实验后,对照组和实验组所有指标均有显著变化(对照组p<0.05;实验组屈p<0.01,伸p<0.001,深蹲p<0.05,后鞭腿力量p<0.01,终速度p<0.05,15秒连击p<0.001)。实验组所有指标显著高于对照组(屈p<0.05,伸p<0.01,深蹲p<0.05,后鞭腿力量p<0.05,终速度p<0.05,15秒连击p<0.01)。结论:电刺激训练能显著提高散打运动员下肢力量,改善鞭腿效果,建议在散打传统力量训练的基础上可适当安排电刺激训练。     

深蹲聚组训练对青少年羽毛球运动员下肢力量的影响

将16名青少年男子羽毛球运动员随机分为聚组训练组与传统力量训练组，设计为期6周的杠铃深蹲试验，采集2组受试者实验前后的深蹲最大力量（1RM）、30 m冲刺跑、原地纵跳CMJ（无摆臂）等数据，探究深蹲聚组训练对青少年羽毛球运动员下肢最大力量和爆发力的影响。结果显示：6周深蹲训练后，聚组训练与传统训练对运动员下肢最大力量均有显著提高，传统训练提高幅度优于聚组训练，其原因可能是传统深蹲训练代谢物的累积效应使机体适应性增强；CMJ纵跳、30 m冲刺跑成绩聚组训练均优于传统训练，聚组训练提高下肢爆发力的效果更佳，其原因是聚组训练组间加入短间歇，能源物质得以恢复，使运动员训练时动作速度和功率维持在较高水平。     

不同运动干预诱导激活后表现增强的系统综述

目的：系统总结不同运动干预诱导激活后表现增强（PAPE）的相关研究,为制定适宜的PAPE诱导方案提供参考与启示。方法：检索Web of Science、PubMed、EBSCO、CNKI等数据库的相关文献,通过筛选后共纳入71篇。结果：涉及的运动干预包括深蹲、奥林匹克举、臀推、硬拉、腿推举、飞轮抗阻训练、超等长跳跃、阻力冲刺跑、全身振动训练、可变阻力训练、聚组训练、血流限制训练12种。结论：以冲刺PAPE为诱导目标时,适宜采用臀推、阻力冲刺跑、高翻以及超等长跳跃;以跳跃PAPE为诱导目标时,适宜采用自由重量深蹲、等长深蹲、分腿蹲结合血流限制训练以及跳深和负重蹲跳;力量水平高的运动员适宜采用全幅度运动方式以及等长深蹲;力量水平低的运动员适宜采用半幅度运动方式、固定器械腿推举以及全身振动训练;适宜将可变阻力训练和聚组训练与传统抗阻训练相结合应用于复合式训练中;飞轮抗阻训练和血流限制训练无需大重量器械即能对机体有较大的刺激效果,可用于赛前激活方案中。     

复合式训练对冬残奥高山滑雪站姿组运动员力量素质的影响

目的：通过对比复合式训练与高强度力量训练的训练效果,探究复合式训练对冬残奥高山滑雪站姿组运动员最大力量和快速力量的影响。方法：将18名男子冬残奥高山滑雪站姿组运动员随机分为实验组(n=9)与对照组(n=9),基于原有力量训练内容,实验组进行复合式训练(高强度力量训练结合快速伸缩复合训练),对照组仅进行高强度力量训练,并在实验前后对比最大力量和快速力量等指标变化。结果：(1)仅实验组反向跳最大功率、连续跳跃平均功率和最大肌力显著提升(P＜0.01);(2)干预后,实验组反向跳最大功率、连续跳跃平均功率和最大肌力绝对值大于对照组(P＜0.05)。结论：8周复合训练的训练效果优于普通力量训练,可以使冬残奥高山滑雪站姿组运动员最大肌力和快速力量显著提升。     

快速伸缩复合训练对篮球运动员下肢爆发力影响的Meta分析

研究目的：运用Meta分析研究方法检验快速伸缩复合训练(PT)对篮球运动员下肢运动能力的干预效果,包括运动员下肢爆发、移动速度和灵敏素质。研究方法：采用STATA 15和Review Manager 5.4对纳入的12篇文献234名受试者(男性143名、女性91名)通过对反向动作跳跃测试(CMJ)、立定跳远测试、T敏捷测试、10米冲刺测试、20米冲刺测试五项指标进行Meta分析,采用固定效应模型进行异质性检验和发表偏移性检验。结果：Meta分析结果表明,快速伸缩复合训练可以明显提高CMJ的高度(MD=2.42,95%CI=1.54～3.29,P<0.05);T形敏捷测试速度影响显著(MD=-0.47,95%CI=-0.74～-0.2,P<0.05);10米冲刺速度影响显著(MD=-0.09,95%CI=-0.17～-0.01,P<0.05)和20米冲刺速度影响显著(MD=-0.07,95%CI=-0.12～-0.02,P<0.05);但立定跳远影响不显著(MD=7.42,95%CI=-7.22～22.06,P>0.05)。通过敏感性分析反向动作跳跃指标有一...     

抓举——提高弹跳力的好方法

如何提高弹跳力,过去我一向认为,以负重深蹲、负重直膝提踵、负重深蹲跳、负重半蹲跳是提高弹跳力的好方法。在别人的启发下,通过实践,我体会到以抓举为主,辅以负重蹲跳的训练方法,对提高弹跳力更为有效。81年3月底至6月初,对我校高二毕业班五位报考体育专业的同学,采用以箭步抓为主,辅以负重蹲跳的方法,进行了为期70天的训练。每周训练三次,隔日进行,每次训练40分钟。主要训练手段有:(1)箭步抓。(2)肩负杠铃深蹲。(3)肩负杠铃直膝提踵。(4)肩负杠铃     

落地高度对高水平短跑运动员跳深动作下肢生物力学和反应性力量的影响

目的:检查落地高度对高水平短跑运动员跳深动作下肢生物力学和反应性力量的影响并进一步确定下肢生物力学指标与反应性力量指标之间的关联性以及跳深动作的最佳负荷高度。方法:14名男子高水平短跑运动员参与四种落地高度下(0.15m、0.30m、0.45m和0.60m)的跳深动作测试。6台红外高速摄像机和2块三维测力台同步采集跳深动作的运动学和地面反作用力信号。结果:落地高度显著影响跳深动作的碰撞力和蹬伸阶段的垂直地面反作用力峰值(p=0.000和0.039),髋关节伸力矩(p=0.038)、踝关节跖屈力矩(p=0.030)和下肢支撑力矩(p=0.010),髋、膝和踝关节离心功率(p均为0.000),平均功率输出(p=0.009),反应力量指数(p=0.006)和反应力量比(p=0.029);落地高度与平均功率输出显著相关,最佳负荷高度为0.465m(R~2=0.117,p=0.037);蹬伸阶段的垂直地面反作用力峰值(r=0.816,p=0.000;r=0.927,p=0.000)和平均功率输出(r=0.961,p=0.000;r=0.770,p=0.000)与反应力量指数和反应力量比均显著相关。结论:落地高度显著影响跳深动作的下肢生物力学和反应性力量指标,蹬伸阶段垂直地面反作用力和平均功率输出与反应性力量指标均存在非常显著的相关性,在0.15m～0.60m的落地高度范围内存在实现跳深动作最大平均力学功率输出的最佳负荷高度。建议针对高水平短跑运动员跳深训练时应该根据个体运动员的最大平均功率输出、反应力量指数和反应力量比等指标确定最佳负荷高度,以实现最佳训练效果并预防运动损伤。     

不同界面上“Plyometric”训练对运动表现与肌肉损伤的研究进展及对运动训练的启示

采用文献资料法、逻辑分析法等探究硬地面与非硬地(水中、沙地)界面上进行“plyometric”训练对运动表现与肌肉损伤的影响,并提出运动训练实践建议。研究发现:硬地与水中plyometric训练均可以提高运动表现,且干预效果相似;硬地与沙地进行plyometric训练,均可以提高运动表现,不同的测试指标反向纵跳、蹲跳、垂直跳的干预效果存在异同。水中和沙地相对于硬地面进行plyometric训练可以明显较少训练后肌肉酸痛程度,降低运动损伤风险。硬地面适应机制:肌腱复合体和关节的训练适应机制;神经-肌肉对训练的适用机制等。水中和沙地的适应机制:“离心-向心”转化速度;神经冲动与适应机制等。对运动训练的建议:在水中进行plyometric训练时,水面一般在身体的腰部-胸部位置,水温的选择一般在27°C左右;水中、硬地plyometric训练的干预周期介于6-10周之间,每周干预频率介于2-3次之间;组合界面plyometric训练的相关研究文献较少,需进一步研究论证;当在硬界面时,中等负荷量可诱导出最佳的效果;在进行Plyometric训练时,强度比量更重要,且小强度优于大强度;不同年龄、性别进行Plyometric训练时,要选择适应的训练手段,水中和沙地面可以作为传统训练的替换手段。     

Acute kinematic and kinetic adaptations to wearable resistance during vertical jumping

One variation of vertical jump (VJ) training is resisted or weighted jump training, where wearable resistance (WR) enables jumping to be overloaded in a movement specific manner. A two-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc contrasts was used to determine the acute changes in VJ performance with differing load magnitudes and load placements. Kinematic and kinetic data were quantified using a force plate and contact mat. Twenty sport active subjects (age: 27.8?±?3.8 years; body mass (BM): 70.2?±?12.2?kg; height: 1.74?±?0.78?m) volunteered to participate in the study. Subjects performed the counter movement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ) and pogo jump (PJ) wearing no resistance, 3% or 6% BM affixed to the upper or lower body. The main finding in terms of the landing phase was that the effect of WR was non-significant (P?>?.05) on peak ground reaction force. With regard to the propulsive phase the main findings were that for both the CMJ and DJ, WR resulted in a significant (P?<?.05) decrease in jump height (CMJ: ?12% to ?17%, DJ: ?10% to ?14%); relative peak power (CMJ: ?8% to ?17%, DJ: ?7% to ?10%); and peak velocity (CMJ: ?4% to ?7%, DJ: ?3% to ?8%); while PJ reactive strength index was significantly reduced (?15% to ?21%) with all WR conditions. Consideration should be given to the inclusion of WR in sports where VJ’s are important components as it may provide a novel movement specific training stimulus.

Highlights

• WR of 3 or 6 % BM provided a means to overload the subjects in this study resulting in decreased propulsive power and velocity that lead to a reduced jump height and landing force.

• Specific strength exercises that closely mimic sporting performance are more likely to optimise transference, therefore WR with light loads of 3–6% body mass (BM)appear a suitable tool for movement specific overload training and maximising transference to sporting performance.

• Practitioners can safely load their athletes with upper or lower body WR of 3–6% BM without fear of overloading the athletesover and above the landing forces they are typically accustomed too.

• As a training stimulus it would seem the WR loading provides adequate overload and athletes should focus on velocity of movement to improve power output and jump height i.e. take-off velocity.

     

Evaluation of Four Vertical Jump Tests: Methodology,Reliability, Validity,and Accuracy

Vertical jump performance tests can give considerably different results, even when different methods are used to analyze the same jump trial from the same subject. To evaluate and compare 4 different methods commonly used to measure vertical jump performance, 52 physically active men each performed 5 maximal vertical jumps. Kinetic and kinematic data were used to analyze each trial using the 4 methods: a criterion test based on body center of mass displacement (VJPT), 2 methods based on vertical takeoff velocity as calculated from the force platform, and 1 method based on time in the air (JUMPAIR). All 4 methods showed excellent reliability (R > .97). Using VJPT as the criterion, the other 3 methods showed excellent coefficients of validity (R > .95) but poor accuracy: The obtained vertical jump height scores were statistically different among all methods (p < .01). JUMPAIR is considered a relatively simple and inexpensive method to obtain valid and reliable measures of vertical jump performance without an arm swing, provided the appropriate adjustments are made to the jump results.     

Temporal and kinetic analysis of unilateral jumping in the vertical,horizontal, and lateral directions

Abstract

The aims of this study were to: (1) assess the reliability of various kinetic and temporal variables for unilateral vertical, horizontal, and lateral countermovement jumps; (2) determine whether there are differences in vertical ground reaction force production between the three types of jumps; (3) quantify the magnitude of asymmetry between limbs for variables that were established as reliable in a healthy population and whether asymmetries were consistent across jumps of different direction; and (4) establish the best kinetic predictor(s) of jump performance in the vertical, horizontal, and lateral planes of motion. Thirty team sport athletes performed three trials of the various countermovement jumps on both legs on two separate occasions. Eccentric and concentric peak force and concentric peak power were the only variables with acceptable reliability (coefficient of variation = 3.3–15.1%; intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.70–0.96). Eccentric and concentric peak vertical ground reaction force (14–16%) and concentric peak power (45–51%) were significantly (P < 0.01) greater in the vertical countermovement jump than in the horizontal countermovement jump and lateral countermovement jump, but no significant difference was found between the latter two jumps. No significant leg asymmetries (–2.1% to 9.3%) were found in any of the kinetic variables but significant differences were observed in jump height and distance. The best single predictors of vertical countermovement jump, horizontal countermovement jump, and lateral countermovement jump performance were concentric peak vertical power/body weight (79%), horizontal concentric peak power/body weight (42.6%), and eccentric peak vertical ground reaction force/body weight (14.9%) respectively. These findings are discussed in relation to monitoring and developing direction-specific jump performance.     

Effect of a Brazilian Jiu-jitsu-simulated tournament on strength parameters and perceptual responses

This study aimed to analyse the effects of a simulated Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) tournament on vertical jump performance, grip strength test and perceived effort responses. 22 male BJJ athletes participated in a simulated tournament consisting of three 7 min matches separated by 14 min of rest. Kimono grip strength test (KGST), counter movement jump (CMJ) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured before and after each match, while RPE of specific areas was assessed after three matches. ANOVA for repeated measures was used to compare strength parameters after each match with the level of significance set at 5%. The key results showed a significant decrease of jump height (p = 0.001) and net vertical impulse in the CMJ (p = 0.031), as well as a reduction of the number of reps in the KGST (p < 0.001). A significant increase of RPE was found throughout the matches (p < 0.001). Considering the RPE in specific areas, no differences were observed between the upper and lower body (p = 0.743). We conclude that the BJJ simulated tournament generated a decrease of performance in both upper and lower limbs and provoked a progressive increase in the effort perception over the matches.     

The effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on isometric and dynamic knee extensor strength and vertical jump performance

In this study, we assessed the effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on knee extensor muscle strength during isometric, concentric and eccentric actions at 1.57 rad x s(-1) and vertical jump performance under conditions of squat jump, countermovement jump and drop jump. The eight participants (5 males, 3 females) were aged 29.5+/-7.1 years (mean +/- s). These variables, together with plasma creatine kinase (CK), were measured before, 1 h after and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 days after a bout of muscle damaging exercise: 100 barbell squats (10 sets x 10 repetitions at 70% body mass load). Strength was reduced for 4 days (P< 0.05) but no significant differences (P> 0.05) were apparent in the magnitude or rate of recovery of strength between isometric, concentric and eccentric muscle actions. The overall decline in vertical jump performance was dependent on jump method: squat jump performance was affected to a greater extent than countermovement (91.6+/-1.1% vs 95.2+/-1.3% of pre-exercise values, P< 0.05) and drop jump (95.2+/-1.4%, P< 0.05) performance. Creatine kinase was elevated (P < 0.05) above baseline 1 h after exercise, peaked on day 1 and remained significantly elevated on days 2 and 3. Strength loss after exercise-induced muscle damage was independent of the muscle action being performed. However, the impairment of muscle function was attenuated when the stretch-shortening cycle was used in vertical jumping performance.     

The effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on isometric and dynamic knee extensor strength and vertical jump performance

In this study, we assessed the effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on knee extensor muscle strength during isometric, concentric and eccentric actions at 1.57 rad · s -1 and vertical jump performance under conditions of squat jump, countermovement jump and drop jump. The eight participants (5 males, 3 females) were aged 29.5 - 7.1 years (mean - s ). These variables, together with plasma creatine kinase (CK), were measured before, 1 h after and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 days after a bout of muscle damaging exercise: 100 barbell squats (10 sets 2 10 repetitions at 70% body mass load). Strength was reduced for 4 days ( P ? 0.05) but no significant differences ( P > 0.05) were apparent in the magnitude or rate of recovery of strength between isometric, concentric and eccentric muscle actions. The overall decline in vertical jump performance was dependent on jump method: squat jump performance was affected to a greater extent than countermovement (91.6 - 1.1% vs 95.2 - 1.3% of pre-exercise values, P ? 0.05) and drop jump (95.2 - 1.4%, P ? 0.05) performance. Creatine kinase was elevated ( P ? 0.05) above baseline 1 h after exercise, peaked on day 1 and remained significantly elevated on days 2 and 3. Strength loss after exercise-induced muscle damage was independent of the muscle action being performed. However, the impairment of muscle function was attenuated when the stretch-shortening cycle was used in vertical jumping performance.     

Effects of gluteal kinesio-taping on performance with respect to fatigue in rugby players

Kinesio-tape^® has been suggested to increase blood circulation and lymph flow and might influence the muscle's ability to maintain strength during fatigue. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of gluteal Kinesio-tape^® on lower limb muscle strength in non-fatigued and fatigued conditions. A total of 10 male rugby union players performed 20-m sprint and vertical jump tests before and after a rugby-specific fatigue protocol. The 20-m sprint time was collected using light gates (SMARTSPEED). A 9-camera motion analysis system (VICON, 100 Hz) and a force plate (Kistler, 1000 Hz) measured the kinematics and kinetics during a counter movement jump and drop-jump. The effect of tape and fatigue on jump height, maximal vertical ground reaction force, reactivity strength index as well as lower limb joint work were analysed via a two-way analysis of variance. The fatigue protocol resulted in significantly decreased performance of sprint time, jump heights and alterations in joint work. No statistical differences were found between the taped and un-taped conditions in non-fatigued and fatigued situation as well as in the interaction with fatigue. Therefore, taping the gluteal muscle does not influence the leg explosive strength after fatiguing in healthy rugby players.     

Maximalist shoes do not alter performance or joint mechanical output during the countermovement jump

ABSTRACT

This study examined potential differences between maximally cushioned (MAX) shoes and standard cushioned (STND) shoes during countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ) performance. Twenty-one males (23[2] y; 86.5[15.4] kg; 179.8[6.3] cm) completed eight jumps each in MAX and STND shoes while three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data were collected. Paired-samples t-tests (α = 0.05) and Cohen’s d effect sizes (ES) were used to compare the following variables: vertical jump displacement, jump time, hip, knee and ankle joint angles at the start of the countermovement, the end of the unloading phase, the end of the eccentric phase, and at takeoff, peak joint power, and the joint contributions to total lower extremity work during the eccentric and concentric phases. The ankle was more dorsiflexed at the end of the countermovement in the MAX shoe (p = 0.002; ES = 0.55) but greater plantarflexion occurred in the STND shoes at takeoff (p = 0.028; ES = 0.56). No other differences were observed. The result of this study suggests that unique ankle joint angular positioning may be employed when wearing MAX versus STND shoes. Since the unique ankle joint positioning did not alter jump performance, potential MAX footwear users might not need to consider the potential for altered CMVJ performance when determining whether to adopt MAX footwear.     

The energetics and benefit of an arm swing in submaximal and maximal vertical jump performance

Abstract

The aims of this study were to investigate the energy build-up and dissipation mechanisms associated with using an arm swing in submaximal and maximal vertical jumping and to establish the energy benefit of this arm swing. Twenty adult males were asked to perform a series of submaximal and maximal vertical jumps while using an arm swing. Force, motion and electromyographic data were recorded during each performance and used to compute a range of kinematic and kinetic variables, including ankle, knee, hip, shoulder and elbow joint powers and work done. It was found that the energy benefit of using an arm swing appears to be closely related to the maximum kinetic energy of the arms during their downswing, and increases as jump height increases. As jump height increases, energy in the arms is built up by a greater range of motion at the shoulder and greater effort of the shoulder and elbow muscles but, as jump height approaches maximum, these sources are supplemented by energy supplied by the trunk due to its earlier extension in the movement. The kinetic energy developed by the arms is used to increase their potential energy at take-off but also to store and return energy from the lower limbs and to “pull” on the rest of the body. These latter two mechanisms become more important as jump height increases with the pull being the more important of the two. We conclude that an arm swing contributes to jump performance in submaximal as well as maximal jumping but the energy generation and dissipation sources change as performance approaches maximum.     

Body Fatness and Performance Differences between Men and Women

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which the mean difference in performance between men and women on selected physical performance tests was related to the sex difference in body fatness. Percent total body fat (% fat) estimated from skinfold thickness measures and performances on the modified pull-up, vertical jump, 50-yard dash, and 12-minute-run tests were measured on 55 male and 55 female college students. Males had significantly less fat and performed significantly better than females on each of the performance tests. Mean differences were 8.2% fat, 20.0 modified pull-ups, 20.8 cm on the vertical jump, 1.3 seconds on the 50-yard dash, and 590 m on the 12-minute run. Linear regression equations predicting performance scores from % fat within the groups of men and women indicated that if body fatness in men and women were similar, performance differences would be reduced, on the average, by 7 modified pull-ups, 4 cm on the vertical jump, .5 seconds on the 50–yard dash, and 146 m on the 12-minute run. These expected changes in performance were 36%, 19%, 38%, and 25% of the mean sex difference in performance on the four physical performance tests, respectively. It was concluded that greater body fatness is one characteristic that partly explains why women, on the average, do not perform as well as men on strenuous tasks requiring movement of the body weight. The sex-specific difference in body fatness should be one factor considered in establishing separate occupational and athletic performance expectations for men and women.