内群体成员眼部注视优势的实验研究

人类的面孔尤其是眼部区域在社会沟通和交流过程中起着至关重要的作用.早期研究发现个体对内群体成员面孔信息有更好的理解和提取能力,但对个体是否对内外群体面孔特殊区域存在不同的注意偏向仍没有充足的研究.通过两个实验,采用eyelink1000plus眼动仪研究内群体成员是否存在眼部注视优势,同时为预测本族偏向提供更具体的参考依据.     

内群体成员眼部注视优势的实验研究

人类的面孔尤其是眼部区域在社会沟通和交流过程中起着至关重要的作用.早期研究发现个体对内群体成员面孔信息有更好的理解和提取能力,但对个体是否对内外群体面孔特殊区域存在不同的注意偏向仍没有充足的研究.通过两个实验,采用eyelink1000plus眼动仪研究内群体成员是否存在眼部注视优势,同时为预测本族偏向提供更具体的参考依据.     

学校恐惧儿童的注意偏向特点

学校恐惧症是儿童对学校环境异常恐惧,强烈拒绝上学的一种情绪障碍.针对学校恐惧症是否与特定的注意加工机制相关联这一问题,本研究通过三个实验比较了学校恐惧儿童和普通儿童在情绪Stroop任务上的差异.结果发现,学校恐惧儿童仅对学校相关刺激产生注意偏向,学校相关刺激在学校恐惧儿童身上获得了优先加工;这种注意偏向只在学校恐惧儿童身上出现,并会受到重复呈现效应的影响,随刺激重复出现次数的增多而消失.这表明,学校恐惧儿童与普通儿童对学校相关刺激具有不同的认知加工机制.     

自闭症谱系障碍个体社会性注意的眼动特征及干预策略

在过去的十多年中,自闭症谱系障碍个体社会性注意的眼动研究数量激增,很多研究表明,自闭症谱系障碍个体对社会性刺激的注意表现出两个特征:对社会性刺激的注意减少;对社会性刺激的处理方式是非典型的,伴随对眼睛注意的减少和对嘴注意的增加。然而,也有相反的证据。本研究系统地回顾了从婴儿到成人期自闭症谱系障碍个体社会性注意的眼动追踪研究,分析了已有研究结果存在矛盾的可能原因。最后,根据自闭症谱系障碍个体社会性注意的眼动特征,提出了相应的干预策略。     

不同自尊对人际信息的注意偏向效应

情绪信息和注意偏向的关系一直是情绪研究和社会认知研究的热点。大量的研究均以情绪障碍患者作为被试群体,忽视了正常群体的研究,对情绪信息也片面地划分为正性与负性刺激,没有考虑到情绪刺激的社会意义。从社会计量器理论出发,从影响注意偏向效应的人格特质——自尊出发,以情绪刺激的人际效力为出发点,在综合国内外研究成果基础上,对不同自尊水平个体在人际拒绝/人际接纳情绪刺激注意偏向上的差异进行梳理和综述,以期深入探明问题实质,并为今后研究提供参考。     

不同依恋风格个体对情绪信息的注意偏向

依恋风格是个体与依恋对象在长期交往中所形成的系统性的情感和行为模式.近年来随着依恋的信息加工差异在很多研究中被强调,注意对依恋系统的影响显得更为重要,因此越来越多的研究开始关注不同依恋风格个体的注意偏向.本文主要从四个方面对依恋风格和注意偏向的研究进展进行了论述:(1)不同依恋风格个体对情绪信息的注意偏向特点;(2)注意偏向产生的机制;(3)相关的神经电生理学的研究;(4)目前研究的不足和对未来研究的展望.     

浅析社交恐惧症形成的社会心理原因

社会心理因素是社交恐惧症形成的重要原因之一。从社会心理角度看,社交恐惧症从个体挫折开始,经退缩、压抑等消极的心理防卫,再通过条件反射的泛化而最后形成。在此形成环节中,任何一方面若得到正确处理,均可避免社交恐惧症的产生。     

诱发情绪对注意偏向的影响

以往有关注意偏向的研究大多关注一些特殊人群,本研究考察短时诱发情绪对于正常个体注意偏向的影响。研究发现实验室条件下短时诱发的情绪可以诱发随后的注意偏向,并且不同性别的被试具有不同的反应模式。研究结果可以帮助我们更好地认识和调节自己的心理倾向。     

眼动仪在认知行为实验中的应用及选择

眼动追踪技术已广泛应用于基础认知心理学和用户体验等领域,对于不同的实验范式和实验场景,眼动仪的选择既需要考虑测量数据的精确度,也需要考虑其应用的生态效度。对眼动仪数据指标的认知意义和应用实验的研究范式进行简要总结,并选取业内最具代表性的SR公司的EyeLink系列和Tobii公司的Tobii系列眼动仪最新款产品,从设备性能参数、研究适用领域和硬件扩展空间3方面进行对比,为不同研究领域研究者开展实验和选择眼动仪提供参考。     

高特质焦虑的注意偏向研究

特质焦虑的注意偏向研究是焦虑认知研究中一个重要的方面。高特质焦虑个体确实存在对威胁信息的注意偏向。本文在分析特质焦虑的注意偏向基础上,提出了研究中的不足,并对未来的研究内容进行展望,以期对焦虑障碍的临床治疗提供指导。     

The Successful Treatment of Specific Phobia in a College Counseling Center

Specific phobias are highly prevalent among college students and can be quite debilitating. However, students often do not present for treatment for phobias and, when they do, often do not receive effective treatment. This article will present a case study of the effective treatment of specific phobia using cognitive-behavioral therapy with an emphasis on in vivo exposure. It will provide a template for how to conduct this efficient and effective therapy and suggest several benefits of incorporating this treatment into the repertoire offered by a college counseling center.     

Performance Anxiety Among African-American College Students

Abstract

This article examines the etiology of social phobia, and proposes that the sensitivity to self-scrutiny common to social phobics can be exacerbated by the effects of longstanding racial bias. The impact of racism on identity and the importance of context are explored as salient factors in the onset of a case of social phobia for an African-American woman at a prestigious university. The importance of attending to both overt and subtle forms of racism is illustrated within the typical cognitive-behavioral framework for the treatment of social phobia.     

The Moving Window Technique: A Window Into Developmental Changes in Attention During Facial Emotion Recognition

The strategies children employ to selectively attend to different parts of the face may reflect important developmental changes in facial emotion recognition. Using the Moving Window Technique (MWT), children aged 5–12 years and adults (N = 129) explored faces with a mouse‐controlled window in an emotion recognition task. An age‐related increase in attention to the left eye emerged at age 11–12 years and reached significance in adulthood. This left‐eye bias is consistent with previous eye tracking research and findings of a perceptual bias for the left side of faces. These results suggest that a strategic attentional bias to the left eye begins to emerge at age 11–12 years and is likely established sometime in adolescence.     

Chapter 2: Flight of the Appalachian Bumblebee

Summary

A 19-year-old single Appalachian Caucasian man presented with panic attacks related to a recently developed phobia of bees. Brief solution-oriented therapy, along with the tools of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), was employed successfully to treat this specific phobia. Cultural, familial, gender, and sexual identity issues were also addressed.     

School phobia: understanding a complex behavioural response

School phobia affects about 5% of the school-age population. If left untreated, school phobia can have devastating long-term consequences in children challenged by this condition. Various treatment approaches have been used to explore this complex behavioural response, major among them being the psychoanalytic, psychodynamic, pharmacological and behavioural approaches. Different therapeutic interventions have developed as outgrowths of these approaches; however, the utility of most of these approaches is still controversial. This paper explores current research on school phobia in a North American context and these writers propose extending research on the application of positive behaviour supports (PBS) as a treatment modality for addressing the behavioural support needs of children affected by school phobia.     

Mediating effects of bullying involvement on the relationship of body mass index with social phobia,depression, suicidality,and self-esteem and sex differences in adolescents in Taiwan

The aims of this study were to examine the mediating effect of bullying involvement on the relationships between body mass index (BMI) and mental health problems, including social phobia, depression, suicidality, and low self-esteem among adolescents in Taiwan. The moderation effect of sex on the mediating role of bullying involvement was also examined. Five thousand two hundred and fifty-two students of high schools completed the questionnaires. Victimization and perpetration of passive and active bullying were assessed using the Chinese version of the School Bullying Experience Questionnaire. BMI was calculated from self-reported weight and height measurements. The Social Phobia Inventory, the Mandarin Chinese version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, the suicidality-related questionnaire from the epidemiological version of the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were applied to assess social phobia, depression, suicidality, and low self-esteem, respectively. The mediating effect of bullying involvement on the associations between increased BMI and mental health problems was examined by the Sobel test. The moderation effect of sex on the mediating role of bullying involvement was tested by the multiple-group structural equation model. Victimization of passive and active bullying and perpetration of passive bullying, but not perpetration of active bullying, had a mediating effect on the relationships between increased BMI and all four mental health problems. Sex did not have a significant moderation effect on the mediating role of bullying involvement. Bullying involvement should be a target of prevention and intervention in developing a strategy to improve mental health among adolescents with increased BMI.     

强迫症患者注意偏向研究方法述评

在简要回顾有关强迫症个体注意偏向的研究的基础上,较为系统地比较、阐述了强迫症注意偏向研究中的主要研究范式（强迫症Stroop任务、点探测任务、空间线索任务）.最后,通过对前人研究的分析总结,对强迫症注意偏向未来研究的取向和趋势进行了展望.     

眼动分析法在教育技术领域的应用与趋势

眼动分析法兴起于心理学领域,其客观记录受众视线和认知分析的能力迅速得到众多学科推崇,与视觉信息加工相关的心理机制研究已取得显著成果。教育技术学领域迫切需要利用眼动分析法从受众的视角出发,遵循人的视觉认知规律去探索人机交互过程中如何优化信息的获取和加工过程。目前教育技术领域中引入眼动分析法开展的研究数量较少且尚不全面。随着技术的发展和研究的深入,相信眼动分析法能够使得教育技术学科的研究更加严谨、科学。     

学校恐惧倾向儿童的情绪识别能力

本研究采用内隐联想测试来区分儿童是否具有学校恐惧倾向,进而考察他们的情绪识别能力.本研究采用内隐联想测试和学校恐惧分量表将儿童分组,并使用表情判断任务测试表情识别能力.结果表明,使用内隐联想测验分组的儿童在学校恐惧分量表的得分上有显著差异.具有学校恐惧倾向的儿童对恐惧表情的识别正确率显著低于普通儿童,对悲伤面孔的反应时也显著长于普通儿童.因此可以得出如下结论:学校恐惧倾向儿童在表情识别上与普通儿童存在差异.