中国高级英语学习者词汇语义通达路径的汉英对比研究:语义关联判断任务的证据

阅读时,词汇语义经语音通达还是经视觉而直接通达,引起学术界很大的争议。本研究采用语义关联判断任务,以中国高级英语学习者为实验对象,比较他们进行汉英阅读时的词汇语义通达路径。结果发现,不管是汉语还是英语词汇阅读,被试在对同音词进行语义关联判断时,不仅在错误率上比控制条件显著更高,而且判断时的速度也显著更慢,表现出语音干扰效应,这为汉英词汇阅读时语音信息获得自动激活提供有力证据,并支持汉英阅读时词汇语义经语音而通达的观点。     

语义透明度对泰国学生学习汉语影响度研究

心理学研究结果表明语义透明度会影响学习者对整词词义的识别,但大部分研究主要针对母语者,我们以泰国学生为实验对象,研究其在汉语词汇整词识别过程中语义透明度是否存在影响,实验研究表明语义透明度对初级水平泰国学生学习汉语词汇影响较小,中级水平泰国学生的词素分解意识泛化则导致了不透明词的高错误率.我们认为被试母语的构词方式决定了被试是否具有词素分解意识,这种意识又决定了语义透明度的影响程度.     

中文汉字的语音对日文汉字加工的影响

本研究考察了中文汉字的音对日文汉字加工的影响。实验采用语音判断任务。结果表明：被试加工日文音相同类型词时,中文音相同会在反应时上促进判断（是判断）;加工日文音不同类型词时,中文音相同会干扰判断（否判断）,这种干扰表现为被试判断的反应时延长,错误率高。实验说明：母语为汉语的中国学生对日文汉字的加工过程中,中文的音对日文加工存在影响,这种影响在中文和日文一致时表现为促进,不一致时表现为干扰。     

中国学生日汉同形词汇通达的实验研究Ⅰ

本研究通过考察“同形”对日汉词汇加工的影响，讨论了初级日语水平中国学生的心理词典结构．实验采用语义判断任务。结果：初级水平的日语学习者，对同形词进行语义判断时，同形同义词判断最快，其次是非中文词，同形异义词的判断最慢。实验证明被试对同形词的语义通达经过了母语词汇的中介，是通过词汇联结通路来学习单词的，对非中文词的学习策略与同形词不同，它表现为多通路模式。     

语言产生中词汇加工的时间进程研究

通过视觉呈现图形命名的方式研究汉语语言产生中词汇加工的时问进程，结果发现，实验一中，SOA为57ms时，语义干扰词有明显的抑制效应，而语音干扰词则没有效应；实验二中，SOA为157ms时，语义干扰词没有效应，而语音干扰词出现促进效应，这表明汉语语言产生中词汇加工也存在两个独立的加工阶段。     

汉-英双语者心理词汇的发展研究

本研究应用反应时测量,探究汉-英双语者心理词汇的结构和发展.被试为两组大学生,执行汉-英翻译判断任务.576组实验材料由拉丁方分配为四个词表,均包含翻译词对、词形干扰词对、语义干扰词对和无关词对.组间比较发现,只有语义干扰效应量有显著差异.组内比较显示,只有高水平组语义干扰大于词形干扰.结果提示,汉-英双语者心理词汇结...     

基于二语心理词汇研究的英语动词学习策略

心理词汇是词汇在大脑中存储的心理表征。母语与二语心理词汇大体上同质,并非完全独立的两个部分,二语心理词汇发展过程中语音反应是必经阶段,二语心理词汇的理想状态是要建立起类似母语心理词汇的以语义连接为主的通达网络,二语心理词汇中的及物和不及物动词连接网络表现出一定的差异性。因此,学习者要尊重二语心理词汇建构和发展的客观规律,调整英语动词学习策略:重视母语,重视语音,进行以词块为单位的动词学习,并对及物与不及物动词区别处理。     

汉英双语者视觉词汇加工中的语音启动研究

本文使用翻译启动范式,以汉-英不平衡双语者为被试,研究在四种不同启动词-目标词关系类型(同源、非同源翻译、仅同音、无关)中是否能够得到跨语言的启动效应,以了解语音是否在双语者的视觉词汇加工过程中起作用。本文包括四个实验。结果表明,只要启动词呈现时间足够长,汉语词汇与英语词汇的加工中语音均能得到激活;另外,在汉语词汇的加工中对语义的激活强于语音,而在英语词汇的加工中则先激活语音再激活语义。     

图 - 词干扰范式下语义效应的理论及争论

图-词干扰范式下语义关联干扰词对图片命名或起干扰作用,或起促进作用。不同理论对语义干扰效应的实质和产生阶段提出不同观点。词汇选择竞争假设认为,语义干扰效应是干扰词和目标词的词汇节点相互竞争的结果,发生在词汇通达阶段;概念选择模型认为,语义干扰效应由干扰词与目标词的语义表征的相互竞争引发,发生在前词汇的语义水平;反应选择假设认为,语义干扰效应是由非目标的反应先于目标反应占据输出缓冲器造成,发生在后词汇水平。三种理论都得到一些实验研究支持。在已有理论研究基础上,未来研究应该注重扩展研究领域和研究角度,全面深入地分析图-词干扰范式下语义效应的发生机制,建立更具有普适性和预测力的综合模型。     

第二语言的语义通达机制的实验研究

采用典型启动效应的实验范式，语义和语音两种不同加工水平的试验任务，通过3个实验探讨了中英双语第二语言的语义通达机制。被试为第二军医大学的学生38名。结果发现：在基于语义的范畴判断任务中，当启动刺激（英）和目标刺激（英）之间存在语义联想关系，得到了显著的启动效应（实验一）；当启动刺激（中）和目标刺激（英）之间存在语义联想关系，即与实验一对等的跨语言语义启动试验，也得到了显著的跨语言启动效应，而且实验一和实验二的启动值之间没有显著的差异（实验二）；当启动刺激（中）的翻译对等词和目标刺激（英）之间存在语音相同或相近关系时，采用基于语音的词汇判断任务，也得到了显著的跨语言启动效应。这一结果表明，对于中国大学生程度的中英双语者来说，他们第二语言的词汇表征既直接通达语义概念表征，又可以借助第一语言的词汇表征为中介再通达语义概念表征，与Kroll等提出的模型一致。     

Chinese character decoding: a semantic bias?

The effects of semantic and phonetic radicals on Chinese character decoding were examined. Our results suggest that semantic and phonetic radicals are each available for access when a corresponding task emphasizes one or the other kind of radical. But in a more neutral lexical recognition task, the semantic radical is more informative. Semantic radicals that correctly pertain to character meaning facilitated reaction time in semantic categorization tasks (Experiment #1), while radicals that had no immediately interpretable relation to character meaning had a strong inhibitory effect. Likewise, phonetic radicals that accurately indicated a character’s pronunciation facilitated a homonym recognition task (Experiment #2), whereas phonetic radicals that differed significantly in pronunciation from their character inhibited homonym recognition. In a lexical decision task (Experiment #3) where each character had either a blurred semantic radical or a blurred phonetic radical, the characters with a blurred semantic radical elicited a significantly higher error rate and a trend for longer response times. These results are interpreted to indicate that while educated native Chinese speakers have full use of both semantic and phonetic paths to character decoding, there is a slight predisposition to semantic decoding strategies over phonetic ones indicating that the semantic path is the default means of character recognition.     

Emerging development of semantic and phonological routes to character decoding in Chinese as a foreign language learners

This study examines the effects of semantic and phonetic radicals on Chinese character decoding by high-intermediate level Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) learners. The results of the study suggest that the CFL learners tested have a well-developed semantic pathway to recognition; however, their phonological pathway is not yet a reliable means of character identification. Semantic radicals that correctly pertain to character meaning facilitated reaction time in semantic categorization tasks, while radicals that had no immediately interpretable relation to character meaning had a strong inhibitory effect. The relative accuracy of phonetic radicals (for predicting the whole-character’s pronunciation) did not measurably improve homonym recognition. In a lexical decision task (Experiment 3), the subjects were significantly slower in identifying pseudo-characters when the phonological component was blurred, indicating that, despite having unreliable phonological pathways to character recognition, the subjects were still using phonological radical analysis as their default recognition strategy; however, the author argues that the radical is likely being used for orthographic disambiguation more than for phonological properties.     

言语产生的词汇通达理论与事件相关电位研究

言语产生过程可分为概念化、言语组织、发音3个层次。这个过程的核心是词汇通达,它包含词条选择(语义提取)和音位编码(语音提取)两个阶段。对于这两个加工阶段的关系主要有两种观点:一种是独立两阶段模型,一种是交互激活理论。言语产生研究中所采用的经典实验范式是图片命名,使用事件相关电位(简称ERP)技术考察言语产生过程中各阶段的关系,主要使用双重选择任务,以单侧化准备电位(简称LRP)和N200为指标。但这种任务的明显缺点是它与正常的言语产生时高度自由化的方式不同,它需要被试有意识地提取语义和语音信息。独立两阶段模型和交互激活理论都各自得到一些实验结果的支持。     

Sub-lexical phonological and semantic processing of semantic radicals: a primed naming study

Most sinograms (i.e., Chinese characters) are phonograms (phonetic compounds). A phonogram is composed of a semantic radical and a phonetic radical, with the former usually implying the meaning of the phonogram, and the latter providing cues to its pronunciation. This study focused on the sub-lexical processing of semantic radicals which are themselves free standing sinograms. Two primed naming experiments were carried out to examine whether the meanings and pronunciations of the semantic radicals embedded in phonograms were activated or not during sinogram recognition. In Experiment 1, semantically opaque phonograms were used as primes. We observed facilitatory priming effects for targets which were semantically related to the semantic radicals embedded in primes, but not to the primes themselves. These effects were present for low-frequency primes, but not for high-frequency primes. Experiment 2 used only low-frequency phonograms as primes. We observed facilitatory priming effects for targets which were homophones of the semantic radicals embedded in primes, but not of the primes themselves. These results suggest that sub-lexical semantic and phonological information of semantic radicals are activated, and that the activation processes are modulated by the lexical frequency of the host phonograms. Our study shows that sub-lexical processing of semantic radicals is similar to that of phonetic radicals, indicating no fundamental difference between sub-lexical processing of semantic and phonetic radicals, supporting the view that a radical has a unique representation irrespective of its function in the orthographic system of Taft’s model.     

手语产生：过程及影响因素

手语产生是聋人借助于手形的变化并辅以相应的表情、姿势来传达思想的过程。手语产生的核心过程是词汇通达,包含词条选择（语义提取）和音位编码（语音提取）两个阶段。手语的获得年龄、手语的象似性、手语词的语音相似性、手形位置和手语加工的脑偏侧化影响手语的产生。     

聋人和听力正常人对复杂图形信号辨认反应时和反应正确率的比较研究

本研究采用因素分析的方法研究聋人和听力正常人在快速和慢速两种呈现条件下对复杂视觉图形信号的认知绩效。结果表明 :( 1 )组别变量对视认知绩效的影响比较显著 ,聋人组的反应正确率较高而平均反应时却较长 ;( 2 )呈现速度变量对视认知绩效的影响十分显著 ,慢速呈现条件下的反应时较短 ;( 3 )正确反应时比错误反应时短。     

近音形似词及其修辞功能

从词汇——语义的角度研究、分析了俄语中近音形似词的产生、概念、分类及其修辞功能，认为近音形似现象是俄语词汇系统中比较重要的一种词汇语义现象。本文旨在通过对近音形似词的研究受益于教学实践。     

Lexical and sub-lexical effects on accuracy, reaction time and response duration: impaired and typical word and pseudoword reading in a transparent orthography

In an opaque orthography like English, phonological coding errors are a prominent feature of dyslexia. In a transparent orthography like Spanish, reading difficulties are characterized by slower reading speed rather than reduced accuracy. In previous research, the reading speed deficit was revealed by asking children to read lists of words. However, speed in list reading sums the time required to prepare an utterance, reaction time (RT), with the time required to say it, response duration (RD). Thus, the dyslexic speed deficit in transparent orthographies could be driven by slow RTs, by slow RDs, or both. The distinction is especially important if developmental readers rely on phonological coding to achieve lexical access because the whole word would have to be encoded before it could be identified. However, while the factors that affect reading RT have been extensively investigated, no attention has been paid to RD. We studied the performance of typically developing and dyslexic Spanish children in an oral reading task. We analysed the impact of word frequency and length on reading accuracy, RT, and RD. We found that accuracy, RT, and RD were affected by word frequency and length for both control and dyslexic readers. We also observed interactions between effects of reader group—dyslexic, typically developing (TD) younger or TD older readers—and effects of lexicality, frequency, and word length. Our results show that children are capable of reading aloud using lexical and sub-lexical coding processes in a transparent orthography.     

汉语言语产生的研究进展

言语产生过程可分为概念化、言语组织、发音3个层次。这个过程的核心是词汇通达,它包含词条选择（语义提取）和音位编码（语音提取）两个阶段。对于这两个加工阶段的关系主要有两种观点：一种是独立两阶段模型,一种是交互激活理论。汉语言语产生研究的主要范式是图片命名。独立两阶段模型和交互激活理论各有一些来自汉语言语产生的行为实验和认知神经实验的证据支持。汉语的活动有其独特的脑区。