Enlightenment and measurement – a way to improve health among high school students

Abstract

This paper examines the effect of participating in a web-based health programme that promotes personal tracking of high school students’ own measurements of a number of health-related parameters. Danish cross-sectional survey data were used to examine the effects of the health programme on various health measures. Both quantile regression models and standard ordinary least squares (OLS) models were used to explore the correlations between the students’ participation in the health programme and their body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, aerobic fitness, and well-being. Participation in the health programme increased BMI and aerobic fitness among students with a BMI or an aerobic fitness value ranging from the 25th percentile to the 75th percentile and reduced body fat percentage among students with the highest percentages of body fat. In addition, the health programme led to an increased feeling of wellbeing among students, especially those with high BMI levels and poor aerobic fitness. As the schools participated in the health programme on voluntary basis and at a financial cost to themselves, the positive effects of participation found can only be stated to be valid among students from committed schools.     

Effects of an afterschool community center physical activity program on fitness and body composition in obese youth

Physical activity (PA) promotes health in obese youth and is an important adjunct to medical weight management. Access to structured fitness programmes for obese, low-income youth is limited and potential benefits of such programmes are poorly understood. We describe an urban afterschool fitness programme for obese youth and participants’ changes in fitness and body composition. A case series of 30 youth (age: 11.5 ± 2.5 years) with BMI ≥95th percentile and physician referral received a 24-wk programme scholarship. The programme, offered 4 times a week for 90-min.session, included aerobic, strength, and self-organised PA. Primary outcomes, measured at baseline (BL) time 1 (4–8 wk) and time 2 (12–16 wk) were BMI, per cent body fat (%BF), fat-free mass (FFM), heart rate during a treadmill test, and muscular strength (one repetition maximum (1RM)) and endurance (reps at 70% of 1RM) on the leg press (LP) and chest press (CP). Average participation was 1.5 ± 0.6 visits per week for 18.7 ± 6.5 weeks. Between BL and time 2, LP and CP 1RM and endurance significantly improved (P < 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant interaction for %BF with boys losing 5.2% (P > 0.05) while girls lost 0% (>0.05). Obese youth attending an urban fitness programme for at least three months improved strength and body composition, but average attendance was below planned levels.     

大学生隐形肥胖的研究

肥胖与隐形肥胖影响着大学生的体质与健康状况,为探究在校大学生肥胖及隐形肥胖情况,随机抽取在校大学生300人,男女各150人,采用inbody3．2生物电阻抗人体成分分析仪对他们进行身体成分测量,结果发现：大学男女生的身体质量指数（BMI）基本在正常及以下范围;大学男女生的身体成分差异悬殊,女生体脂百分比高;大学女生隐形肥胖严重,男生隐形肥胖现象不明显。     

健美操运动对女大学生体质健康的影响——以黑龙江科技大学为例

运用实验法和数理统计法,对黑龙江科技大学2010级健美操选修班34名女大学生的体质健康进行测量和评定,了解健美操运动对女大学生体质的影响,为促进女大学生体质健康发展提供参考。结果显示,健美操选修班女大学生在参加健美操运动前后,身体形态中的体脂百分比和体脂重量值显著降低（P〈0.05）,而瘦体重和肌肉重量值显著升高（P〈0.05）;身体机能中的舒张压值显著降低（P〈0.05）,而收缩压、肺活量和台阶试验指数值显著升高（P〈0.05）;身体素质中的800米、仰卧起坐、坐位体前屈显著升高（P〈0.05）,其余指标变化不明显。说明健美操运动可降低脂肪含量,增加瘦体重和肌肉含量,有利于改善心血管和呼吸系统机能,从而提高耐力、力量和柔韧素质,这些与健美操选修课的有氧运动为主,不同形式的力量和牵拉伸展练习等教学内容有关。     

高校健身操课"有氧健身法"的实验研究

通过对健身操教学不同方式的比较，研究其对大学女生形态指标、身体素质和专项技术的影响，发现采用有氧健身的教学方法比传统的教学方法的运动负荷量大，对改善女大学生身体形态和提高体质的效果更明显，特别是对改善学生的体成份、增进心肺功能作用明显。而两种教学方法对掌握技术技能的作用无显著差异。认为把有氧健身的概念与方法引入高校健美操课的教学对大学女生有益。     

不同传统体育项目大学生体脂含量与胖瘦观念的比较与分析

本文对我校正在学习传统体育项目的二年级大学生的体脂含量和胖瘦观念进行随机抽样调查。调查结果显示,学习传统体育项目的大学生体型分布呈正态分布,课堂上的运动强度有可能会影响学生的体脂含量。虽然大学生重视体重对健康的影响,然而有相当一部分大学生对体型胖瘦的标准并不清楚。男大学生中仅有58.7%对自己的体型有正确的认识,女大学生中仅有56.8%对自己的体型有正确的认识。一些体型偏瘦或过瘦的男生没有意识到自己体型偏瘦或过瘦,一部分体脂正常的女生则认为自己偏胖。体育教学中有必要帮助大学生树立正确的胖瘦观念和标准。     

天津与全国城市汉族学生BMI拟合后的变化趋势比较研究

BMI称为身体质量指数,不仅影响人体其他机能和素质指标的变化,而且直接关系到人的健康状况,是衡量人体胖瘦程度、反映和判断体质状况的重要指标。依据2000年全国学生体质调研数据,用动态曲线拟合方法,将天津与全国城市6～22岁汉族学生各年龄段断面的BMI(身体质量指数)纵向拟合,转换为连续资料后进行系统比较分析,揭示其内在的变化规律,为各级各类学校,尤其是学校领导、老师和家长做好学生生长发育水平检测和评价工作,提供基础资料和科学依据。     

A cross-sectional examination of the physical fitness and selected health attributes of recreational all-terrain vehicle riders and off-road motorcyclists

Abstract

The aims of this study were: (1) to characterize selected fitness and health attributes of two types of habitual recreational off-road vehicle riders – off-road motorcyclists and all-terrain vehicle riders; (2) to explore differences among riders in terms of vehicle type, age, and gender; and (3) to compare the fitness and health of riders to population norms and clinical health standards. Canadian off-road riders (n = 141) of both sexes aged 16 years and over were recruited through local and national off-road riding organizations. Anthropometry, fitness, and health measures of off-road motorcycle and all-terrain vehicle riders were compared with population norms, health standards, and physical activity guidelines. Off-road motorcycle riders had above average aerobic fitness (79th percentile), while all-terrain vehicle riders were lower than average (40th percentile). All riders had a healthy blood lipid profile and a low incidence of the metabolic syndrome (12.9%) compared with members of the general population. Off-road motorcycle riders had healthier body composition and fitness than all-terrain vehicle riders; however, the body composition of off-road motorcycle riders was no healthier than that of the general population and all-terrain vehicle riders were worse than the general population. Off-road motorcycle riders had healthier anthropometry and fitness than all-terrain vehicle riders and thus fewer health risk factors for future disease, demonstrating that the physiological profiles of off-road riders are dependent on vehicle type.     

Mediating effects of resistance training skill competency on health-related fitness and physical activity: the ATLAS cluster randomised controlled trial

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of resistance training skill competency on percentage of body fat, muscular fitness and physical activity among a sample of adolescent boys participating in a school-based obesity prevention intervention. Participants were 361 adolescent boys taking part in the Active Teen Leaders Avoiding Screen-time (ATLAS) cluster randomised controlled trial: a school-based program targeting the health behaviours of economically disadvantaged adolescent males considered “at-risk” of obesity. Body fat percentage (bioelectrical impedance), muscular fitness (hand grip dynamometry and push-ups), physical activity (accelerometry) and resistance training skill competency were assessed at baseline and post-intervention (i.e., 8 months). Three separate multi-level mediation models were analysed to investigate the potential mediating effects of resistance training skill competency on each of the study outcomes using a product-of-coefficients test. Analyses followed the intention-to-treat principle. The intervention had a significant impact on the resistance training skill competency of the boys, and improvements in skill competency significantly mediated the effect of the intervention on percentage of body fat and the combined muscular fitness score. No significant mediated effects were found for physical activity. Improving resistance training skill competency may be an effective strategy for achieving improvements in body composition and muscular fitness in adolescent boys.     

Changes in selected cardiorespiratory responses to exercise and in body composition following a 12-week aerobic dance programme

Cardiorespiratory and body composition changes were evaluated in 25 sedentary females, aged 18 to 30 years, following 12 weeks of aerobic dance training (3 days a week, 45 min a session). Fifteen subjects, from the same population, comprised a control group: they maintained their normal activity and dietary habits over the course of the study. Analysis of variance of the values for selected cardiorespiratory responses revealed that the aerobic dance programme produced training effects in the experimental group. These training effects were indicated by significant improvements in O2 pulse, VE, heart rate and perceived exertion during submaximal exercise. Significant improvements were also noted in VO2 max, maximal O2 pulse, VE max, maximal heart rate and maximal running time on the treadmill. Additionally, increases in lean body mass and body density, together with decreases in percentage body fat and the sum of four skinfold thicknesses were found to be significant for the experimental group. No significant improvements in any of these variables were found for the control group. It was concluded that this 12-week aerobic dance programme was successful in promoting beneficial changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition.     

瑜伽对肥胖女大学生身心健康的影响

运用文献资料法、问卷调查法以及数理统计法,探讨瑜伽对肥胖女大学生的身体素质、身体机能、身体形态、生活方式以及心理健康的影响。结果表明,瑜伽能有效地提高肥胖女大学生的身体机能和身体素质,降低体脂比和身体各部分围度,改善身体形态,优化生活方式,促进心理健康,提高生活质量。为肥胖女大学生的身心健康提供适宜的锻炼方法,同时也为国内外瑜伽对女性身心健康的影响研究提供实证参考。     

趣味性有氧运动对青春启动前期肥胖儿童形态、生理机能和运动能力的影响

研究目的：探讨趣味性有氧运动干预对青春启动前期肥胖儿童身体成分、生理机能、身体素质的影响,为增强肥胖学生体质提供依据。研究方法：选取9～11岁小学生60名,其中正常体重26名,单纯性肥胖34名（对照组、干预组各17名）。肥胖干预组进行了60%～70%HRmax×40～60 min,4次/周,共22周的有氧运动,活动内容以趣味性体育游戏为主。研究结果：趣味性有氧运动干预后,肥胖儿童的身体成分,身体机能与身体素质均得到不同程度的改善。主要变现为：BMI均值下降了1.69,体脂%下降了5.29%,肌肉重量增加了2.67 kg（P〈0.01）。心率恢复率提高了2.48%,肺活量体重指数提高了6.91 ml/kg（P〈0.01）。50m×8提高了0.18 s,立定跳远提高了7.31cm,实心球提高了1.01m,象限跳提高了5个/10 s,坐位体前屈提高了2.89 cm,差异具有显著性。研究结论：22周趣味性有氧运动干预可有效降低学生肥胖程度,提高肥胖学生的心肺功能及身体素质。     

Exercise and bone

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the interrelationship between aerobic fitness, body composition, and physical activity in 9- and 15-year-olds. The 270 participants were randomly selected from 18 primary and secondary schools in Iceland. Aerobic fitness was assessed by a graded exercise test on a bicycle ergometer. Body composition was estimated via: logarithm of sum of four skinfolds (log_e skinfolds), waist adjusted for height, and body mass index (BMI). Physical activity was measured with Actigraph activity monitors using total activity each day as the physical activity variable. Aerobic fitness was chosen as the primary outcome variable, body composition as the secondary variable, and physical activity as the tertiary variable. All the full models explained a similar proportion of fitness variance for both age groups (45–65%). Among the 15-year-olds, log_e skinfolds explained a significantly larger proportion of the fitness variance (54%) than waist adjusted for height (29%) and BMI (15%), but all the body composition variables explained a similar proportion of the fitness variance (35–42%) among the 9-year-olds. Physical activity explained a smaller proportion (0%) of the unadjusted variance in fitness for the 9-year-olds than for the 15-year-olds (19%). This group difference became non-significant (0% vs. 4%) when adjusting for log_e skinfolds but remained significant when controlling for waist adjusted for height (0% vs. 15%) and BMI (0% vs. 18%). Gender differences in aerobic fitness after puberty can largely be explained by gender differences in log_e skinfolds and physical activity. In conclusion, the interrelationship between fitness, body composition, physical activity, and gender is not the same among 9- and 15-year-olds.     

低强度激光结合有氧运动对肥胖女大学生的减肥作用

探讨低强度激光照射结合有氧运动的人体减肥效果。将24名肥胖女大学生随机分为3个组,每组6人,即单纯运动组、单纯激光组、激光结合运动组。采用跑台上坡走(5°,4.5 km/h,30 min)方式进行运动,以810 nm半导体激光在神阙、天枢(双)、承扶和伏兔穴进行照射(1 592mW/cm2,每穴4 min)。各组减肥干预每周3次,共6周,试验前后检测体重、体重指数(BMI)、体脂百分比、腰围、大腿围、血清甘油三脂和总胆固醇。结果发现,各组的体重、BMI、体脂百分比、腰围和大腿围度试验后均显著下降,激光结合运动组和单纯激光组的血清总胆固醇也显著下降,在3个组中,激光结合运动组的体重、BMI、体脂百分比和腰围的降幅最大。结果表明,低强度激光照射结合有氧运动能够明显减少体脂、降低体重,其减肥效果显著优于单纯低强度激光照射和单纯有氧运动。     

Physical Fitness in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder

The protective effects of physical activity and fitness on cardiovascular health have clearly been shown among normally developed children. However, data are currently lacking pertaining to children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The purpose of this study was to examine differences in fitness measures, body composition, and physical activity among children with and without DCD. A cross-sectional design was implemented examining 261 children (118 girls, 143 boys) ages 4–12 years (mean age 7.8 ± 1.9 years). Children were categorized as having DCD if they scored less than or equal to the 5th percentile (n = 71) or between the 6th and the 15th percentile (n = 52) on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC; Henderson & Sugden, 1992). The typically developing children had scores between the 16th and the 50th percentile (n = 106) or above the 50th percentile (n = 32) on the MABC. The age-related body mass index was used to characterize body composition. Physical fitness was assessed with a 6-min run, 20-m sprint, jump-and-reach test, medicine ball throw, curl-ups, and sit-and-reach test. Physical activity was estimated with a questionnaire. The percentage of overweight and obese children ages 10–12 years were significantly higher in the DCD groups (severe: 50%, moderate: 23.1%) than in the typically developing groups (medium: 5.6%, high: 0%; p < .05). Significant interactions (MABC x Age Group) were found for the fitness tests (p values < .05), except flexibility; whereby specifically, compared to the children in the typically developing groups children in the DCD groups ages 4–6 years achieved significantly worse results for the 20-m sprint, and children of the DCD groups ages 10–12 years achieved significantly worse results for the 6-min run, jump-and-reach test, and medicine ball throw. The study demonstrates poorer performance in fitness tests with high demands on coordination in children with DCD compared to their typically developing peers. Furthermore, the differences in fitness increased with age between children in the DCD groups versus the typically developing groups.     

Physical fitness in children with developmental coordination disorder

The protective effects of physical activity and fitness on cardiovascular health have clearly been shown among normally developed children. However data are currently lacking pertaining to children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The purpose of this study was to examine differences in fitness measures, body composition, and physical activity among children with and without DCD. A cross-sectional design was implemented examining 261 children (118 girls, 143 boys) ages 4-12 years (mean age 7.8 +/- 1.9 years). Children were categorized as having DCD if they scored less than or equal to the 5th percentile (n=71) or between the 6th and the 15th percentile (n=5) on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC; Henderson & Sugden, 1992). The typically developing children had scores between the 16th and the 50th percentile (n=16) or above the 50th percentile (n=3) on the MABC. The age-related body mass index was used to characterize body composition. Physical fitness was assessed with a 6-min run, 20-m sprint, jump-and-reach test, medicine ball throw, curl-ups, and sit-and-reach test. Physical activity was estimated with a questionnaire. The percentage of overweight and obese children ages 10-12 years were significantly higher in the DCD groups (severe: 50%, moderate: 23.1%) than in the typically developing groups (medium: 5.6%, high: 0%; p < .05). Significant interactions (MABC x Age Group) were found for the fitness tests (p values < .05), except flexibility; whereby specifically, compared to the children in the typically developing groups children in the DCD groups ages 4-6 years achieved significantly worse results for the 20-m sprint, and children of the DCD groups ages 10-12 years achieved significantly worse results for the 6-min run, jump-and-reach test, and medicine ball throw. The study demonstrates poorer performance in fitness tests with high demands on coordination in children with DCD compared to their typically developing peers. Furthermore, the differences in fitness increased with age between children in the DCD groups versus the typically developing groups.     

高校健美操俱乐部的发展现状与对策研究

采用献资料法、调查问卷法和数理统计法，对湖北经济学院学生参加健美操俱乐部锻炼情况进行了调查、分析与研究。结果表明：健美操深受不同性别、不同年龄学生的青睐，具有较强的健身、健心价值，并能促进学生全面发展。同时，提出了高校健美操俱乐部的发展对策，即在高校举办健美操比赛；引入多样化的教学内容；男女学员可根据各自爱好选择课种；教练在课堂中的主导性及能力要加强，要树立良好的形象。     

健身操对普通大学生体脂及血脂影响的研究

研究健身操对大学生的体脂和血脂的影响。通过对40名普通大学生在参加健身操锻炼前后的体脂、血脂的对比分析,结果显示健身操锻炼具有明显的降脂功能,其中女生减脂肪效果要优于男生。健身操锻炼可以提高血脂中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的浓度,降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和甘油三脂的浓度,具有改善心血管机能的作用。长期坚持健身操锻炼可以强身健体、改善体形。     

基于GAMLSS模型的我国青少年体质健康评价指标百分位数分布曲线及参考值

目的：建立我国10~17岁青少年体质健康评价指标百分位数分布曲线及参考值。方法：通过文献资料、专家访谈、问卷调查、测试法对我国16个省份32个城市的288所中小学5 048名儿童青少年的各项体质健康指标进行数据采集,其中男性2 779名,女性2 269名。测试内容依次由反映身体形态、心肺耐力、肌肉力量、速度、灵敏、柔韧性的6个一级指标和9个二级指标构成,运用基于位置、尺度、形状的广义可加模型（GAMLSS）,在模型拟合中考虑年龄、性别等因素,建立青少年体质健康指标的参考百分位数曲线。结果表明,我国10~17岁青少年体质健康评价指标总体随年龄的增长显著提升,各相同年龄段男生的体质健康指标普遍优于女生,各项测试指标的变化呈现出一定程度的波动性特征且与年龄显著相关（P<0.05）。研究尝试构建了我国10~17岁青少年体质健康指标P5-P95百分位分布曲线与参考值。结论：研究所构建的百分位数曲线与参考值对于我国中小学生体质健康评价标准与常规模型参照体系的修订、体质健康数据库建立、学生身体素质的长期系统监测以及人才的选拔、培养与分流具有一定的借鉴价值。     

不同强度健身跑对女大学生身体成分和肺通气功能的影响

为提高大学生阳光体育冬季长跑的实效性,探讨不同强度有氧健身跑对女大学生身体成分和肺通气功能的影响,选择北京林业大学60名大二健康女大学生为研究对象,运用文献资料法、教学实验法和数理统计法,进行了16周不同强度组别健身跑实验。结果发现:中、小强度健身跑锻炼对学生身体成分的影响显著,在脂肪百分比、身体质量指数、腰臀比指标均值改变的幅度最大,差异最显著(p0.01);高强度健身跑锻炼对身体成分的影响较小;通过对不同强度组学生两项肺功能指标测试,三种强度的健身跑使学生的肺功能指标均有一定幅度的提高,但中等强度健身跑对学生肺功能影响最大,提高幅度最明显,两项指标均呈现显著性差异(p0.01)。