赛艇兴波阻力的计算

回顾了船舶兴波阻力计算的发展历程,采用Michell积分计算赛艇兴波阻力是比较理想的。通过对两条双人赛艇和一条单人艇的计算及分析表明:赛艇的兴波阻力随速度的增加会出现阻力的"峰点"和"谷点"。较高的速度有利于专项技术的训练,中等速度有利于专项力量的训练,速度太低,训练就不会达到很理想的效果。     

赛艇的桨位、人数与速度的关系

一、最佳桨位配备如果仔细观察赛艇在水中的运动,可以看到艇尾轻微的横向摆动。这种横向摆动在艇的两侧交替产生波浪,因此赛艇的前进除受粘滞阻力和空气阻力的影响之外,还要受到兴波阻力的影响。本文试对引起摆动的原因作简单的力学分析,并提出几种消除摆动     

速度对奥运会470级帆船船体阻力和压力分布的影响

目的得到航速对于470级帆船船体的阻力大小影响的系列规律,增加运动员对帆船船体水动力性能认识,更加高效操纵帆船。方法利用计算流体动力学方法,湍流模式采用RNG k-ε湍流模型,运用SIMPLE算法进行求解,空间离散格式采用二阶迎风格式,边界条件均设置为速度入口、压力出口,数值模拟了速度为2 m/s、4 m/s、6 m/s、8 m/s、10 m/s等5种工况下帆船船体水动力性能,分析不同航速条件下船体的阻力和压力分布。结果船体受到的阻力随航速的增大而增大,在阻力增大趋势线中低航速条件下阻力变化斜率较小、高航速条件下阻力斜率较大。根据趋势线确定阻力与航速的乘幂公式,可以预测不同航速条件下船体在不考虑兴波条件下的船体所受到的阻力大小。研究中不同航速对船体压力分布的规律基本一致,造成的影响主要体现在船体不同部位受力的值上,不同航速对船体船首局部压力造成的影响差异很大。船体考虑兴波时压力分布规律影响差异较大,在不考虑兴波时航速对船体压力分布规律影响较小。结论航速对于船体的阻力大小影响较大,船体阻力随航速的增大而增大;船体阻力随航速变化可以用乘幂公式拟合;船体的兴波对船体阻力分布规律影响不可忽略。     

基于FLUENT软件的单人赛艇粘性流数值模拟

利用计算流体力学软件FLUENT对比赛用单人赛艇实船的粘性绕流进行了数值模拟,得到了不同航速下的艇体表面压力和相应的摩擦阻力系数及粘性阻力系数;对不同航速下的摩擦阻力和粘性阻力计算结果与经验公式和实验结果进行了对比,通过比较可以看出利用FLUENT软件能够快速有效地预报赛艇船体的粘性阻力和流场.     

基于CFD的赛艇阻力板空气动力性能数值模拟

目的:讨论一种在赛艇训练中增加训练阻力同时又不影响运动员技术动作的设备,即赛艇阻力器,在不同攻角、不同速度状态下,阻力、压力的变化,阻力与速度之间的关系以及增阻效果分析。方法:运用CFD软件FLUENT 6.2版本进行数值模拟。结果:速度不同,攻角相同状态下的阻力系数是相等的,阻力随速度和攻角的增大而增大,速度变化对阻力板阻力及压力的影响要大于角度的变化所产生的影响,阻力大小与速度的平方成正比,而阻力系数是常数。以155kg和175kg赛艇,阻力板攻角90°,赛艇划行速度5m/s为例,当无风状态时,安装阻力板的155kg赛艇增加的阻力(20.58N)比增加20kg重量(175kg)的阻力值(7.25N)大13.33N,增加的阻力值接近2倍。当顺风风速为3m/s时,阻力板增加的阻力为3.26N,比增加20kg重量的阻力值小3.99N,当逆风风速为3m/s时,阻力板增加的阻力为51.94N,比增加20kg重量增加的阻力值大44.69N,增加的阻力值近6倍多。结论:FLUENT软件对赛艇阻力板阻力计算是准确的,模拟的结果可以应用于具体的实际问题中。90°攻角状态下使用阻力板增加的阻力要优于由于赛艇艇重增加所达到的增阻效果。当处于顺风训练时,风速使阻力板增加的阻力值减小,减弱增阻效果,而逆风训练时,风速使阻力板产生的阻力值增大,加大了增阻效果。因此,采用阻力板训练,可以不改变赛艇的吃水和重心,保证运动员技术的完整性和连贯性,并且增加训练的强度,提高了训练的科学化水平。     

赛艇、皮划艇

G861.413,G861.423 9800646赛艇皮划艇浮态的计算=The calculation ofcanoefloat status[刊,中,A]/易名农,郑伟涛,韩久瑞,王季安∥武汉体育学院学报.-1997(4).-24-27图1参2(TY)赛艇∥皮划艇∥浮力∥阻力∥参数本文讨论了赛艇、皮划艇的排水量、湿水面积、浮心的纵向位置等浮态参数的计算和应用.讨论了它们对船艇阻力性能的影响,为运动员配艇和舱位的调整奠定了基础。     

赛艇皮划艇浮态的计算

本文讨论了赛艇、皮划艇的排水量、湿水面积、浮心的纵向位置等浮态参数的计算和应用。讨论了它们对船艇阻力性能的影响，为运动员配艇和舱位的调整奠定了基础。     

赛艇可视化多功能智能测试训练系统的研制

本文研制了一种赛艇可视化训练测试系统。该系统采用液压作阻力源,以正确地模拟桨叶在水中划动时的阻力特性,利用微机进行采集以测试赛艇运动员技术动作的力学指标,利用图形软件来显示模拟赛艇在水中的运动情况,构成一整套赛艇模拟测试的可视化系统。通过该系统不仅可以进行赛艇运动员的身体力量训练,还可以从生物力学角度研究赛艇技术动作,以评价和完善运动员的技术动作,是一个能进行测试、比赛、训练、分析评估的智能化的赛艇可视化测试训练系统。     

风速对划船运动成绩的影响

本文讨论了赛艇、皮划艇裸船的阻力构成,不同重量的运动员对阻力的影响,根据不同重量运动员的上体投影面积,在顺风或逆风下,不同风速对赛艇、皮划艇船速有较大影响。     

如何增大赛艇运动员的划桨力

2 0 0 0 m赛艇项目从基础理论分析 ,居于中等时间的有氧供能为主的运动项目 ,它不仅要求运动员具备较好的有氧工作能力和较好的肌肉克服阻力的能力 ,而具备有单位时间内肌肉克服阻力的能力。单位时间内肌肉克服阻力的能力越强 ,在其它条件不变的情况下 ,划桨力就越大 ,成绩就越好。所以提高赛艇运动员单位时间肌肉克服阻力的能力 ,是解决赛艇运动员划桨力提高的关键因素之一。1　测功仪训练对赛艇运动员划桨力的影响及其训练方法( 1 )测功仪训练对赛艇运动员划桨力的影响 :测功仪训练较荡桨训练、水上训练技术运用环节简单化 ,而且不受平衡…     

The relationship between selected physiological variables of rowers and rowing performance as determined by a 2000 m ergometer test

The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between selected physiological variables of rowers and rowing performance as determined by a 2000 m time-trial on a Concept II Model B rowing ergometer. The participants were 13 male club standard oarsmen. Their mean (+/- s) age, body mass and height were 19.9+/-0.6 years, 73.1+/-6.6 kg and 180.5+/-4.6 cm respectively. The participants were tested on the rowing ergometer to determine their maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), rowing economy, predicted velocity at VO2max, velocity and VO2 at the lactate threshold, and their velocity and VO2 at a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol x l(-1). Percent body fat was estimated using the skinfold method. The velocity for the 2000 m performance test and the predicted velocities at the lactate threshold, at a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol x l(-1) and at VO2max were 4.7+/-0.2, 3.9+/-0.2, 4.2+/-0.2 and 4.6+/-0.2 m x s(-1) respectively. A repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that the three predicted velocities were all significantly different from each other (P<0.05). The VO2max and lean body mass showed the highest correlation with the velocity for the 2000 m time-trial (r = 0.85). A stepwise multiple regression showed that VO2max was the best single predictor of the velocity for the 2000 m time-trial; a model incorporating VO2max explained 72% of the variability in 2000 m rowing performance. Our results suggest that rowers should devote time to the improvement of VO2max and lean body mass.     

Numerical modelling of rowing blade hydrodynamics

The highly unsteady flow around a rowing blade in motion is examined using a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model which accounts for the interaction of the blade with the free surface of the water. The model is validated using previous experimental results for quarter-scale blades held stationary near the surface in a water flume. Steady-state drag and lift coefficients from the quarter-scale blade flume simulation are compared to those from a simulation of the more realistic case of a full-scale blade in open water. The model is then modified to accommodate blade motion by simulating the unsteady motion of the rowing shell moving through the water, and the sweep of the oar blade with respect to the shell. Qualitatively, the motion of the free surface around the blade during a stroke shows a realistic agreement with the actual deformation encountered during rowing. Drag and lift coefficients calculated for the blade during a stroke show that the transient hydrodynamic behaviour of the blade in motion differs substantially from the stationary case.     

Effect of stroke rate on the distribution of net mechanical power in rowing

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of manipulating stroke rate on the distribution of mechanical power in rowing. Two causes of inefficient mechanical energy expenditure were identified in rowing. The ratio between power not lost at the blades and generated mechanical power (P(rower)) and the ratio between power not lost to velocity fluctuations and P(rower) were used to quantify efficiency (e(propelling) and e(velocity) respectively). Subsequently, the fraction of P(rower) that contributes to the average velocity (chi(boat)) was calculated (e(net)). For nine participants, stroke rate was manipulated between 20 and 36 strokes per minute to examine the effect on the power flow. The data were analysed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results indicated that at higher stroke rates, P(rower), chi(boat), e(propelling), and e(net) increase, whereas e(velocity) decreases (P < 0.0001). The decrease in e(velocity) can be explained by a larger impulse exchange between rower and boat. The increase in e(propelling) can be explained because the work at the blades decreases, which in turn can be explained by a change in blade kinematics. The increase in e(net) results because the increase in e(propelling) is higher than the decrease in e(velocity). Our results show that the power equation is an adequate conceptual model with which to analyse rowing performance.     

A mathematical model of the oar blade - water interaction in rowing

Our aim was to present a mathematical model of rowing and sculling that allowed for a comparison of oar blade designs. The relative movement between the oar blades and water during the drive phase of the stroke was modelled, and the lift and drag forces generated by this complex interaction were determined. The model was driven by the oar shaft angular velocity about the oarlock in the horizontal plane, and was shown to be valid against measured on-water mean steady-state shell velocity for both a heavyweight men's eight and a lightweight men's single scull. Measured lift and drag force coefficients previously presented by the authors were used as inputs to the model, whichs allowed for the influence of oar blade design on rowing performance to be determined. The commonly used Big Blade, which is curved, and it's flat equivalent were compared, and blade curvature was shown to generate a 1.14% improvement in mean boat velocity, or a 17.1-m lead over 1500 m. With races being won and lost by much smaller margins than this, blade curvature would appear to play a significant role in propulsion.     

赛艇回桨技术的分析与训练

通过对赛艇回桨过程的力学分析和大量的测试，分析研究我国女子双桨运动员普遍存在的一些错误的技术动作，提出了改进这些错误技术动作的训练方法。经过对回桨技术的不断改进和完善，对提高我国赛艇运动员的成绩做出了贡献。     

Fixed versus free-floating stretcher mechanism in rowing ergometers: mechanical aspects

The mechanical responses (i.e. external contact forces and external power) of 25 elite rowers to a race-pace rowing protocol were investigated on the traditional fixed stretcher mechanism and the more recently introduced free-floating stretcher mechanism rowing ergometers. Using a Rowperfect rowing ergometer for both conditions, external contact forces at the handle, stretcher and sliding seat, as well as the displacements of the handle and stretcher, were recorded. The external power was calculated as the product of the force and velocity data from both the handle and stretcher. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between the two conditions for each mechanical parameter were observed. The fixed condition showed larger maximum values for forces and external power and average power throughout the rowing cycle. Moreover, rowing with the fixed mechanism generated higher inertial forces during the transition between the propulsion and recovery phases, especially at the catch of the cycle. The results suggest that: (i) muscular coordination may differ according to the stretcher mechanism used, which could have an impact on the physiological adaptations of muscles; and (ii) the free-floating mechanism may induce lower catch and maximum values for net joint forces and net joint moments that could decrease the risk of injury.     

A mathematical model of the oar blade – water interaction in rowing

Abstract

Our aim was to present a mathematical model of rowing and sculling that allowed for a comparison of oar blade designs. The relative movement between the oar blades and water during the drive phase of the stroke was modelled, and the lift and drag forces generated by this complex interaction were determined. The model was driven by the oar shaft angular velocity about the oarlock in the horizontal plane, and was shown to be valid against measured on-water mean steady-state shell velocity for both a heavyweight men's eight and a lightweight men's single scull. Measured lift and drag force coefficients previously presented by the authors were used as inputs to the model, whichs allowed for the influence of oar blade design on rowing performance to be determined. The commonly used Big Blade, which is curved, and it's flat equivalent were compared, and blade curvature was shown to generate a 1.14% improvement in mean boat velocity, or a 17.1-m lead over 1500 m. With races being won and lost by much smaller margins than this, blade curvature would appear to play a significant role in propulsion.     

Improved determination of mechanical power output in rowing: Experimental results

In rowing, mechanical power output is a key parameter for biophysical analyses and performance monitoring and should therefore be measured accurately. It is common practice to estimate on-water power output as the time average of the dot product of the moment of the handle force relative to the oar pin and the oar angular velocity. In a theoretical analysis we have recently shown that this measure differs from the true power output by an amount that equals the mean of the rower’s mass multiplied by the rower’s center of mass acceleration and the velocity of the boat. In this study we investigated the difference between a rower’s power output calculated using the common proxy and the true power output under different rowing conditions. Nine rowers participated in an on-water experiment consisting of 7 trials in a single scull. Stroke rate, technique and forces applied to the oar were varied. On average, rowers’ power output was underestimated with 12.3% when determined using the common proxy. Variations between rowers and rowing conditions were small (SD = 1.1%) and mostly due to differences in stroke rate. To analyze and monitor rowing performance accurately, a correction of the determination of rowers’ on-water power output is therefore required.