Partnering模式下工程建设各相关方利益分配研究

Partnering模式能够为工程建设各参与方创造共享价值,而共享价值如何在开发商、承包商、分包商间进行分配尚处于探索阶段。本文从开发商、承包商及分包商三方博弈的视角,探讨了项目合作策略和战略合作策略下的利益分配模式。项目合作策略下,若各参与方势力不对等,则会采取主导—跟随型博弈模式进行分配,三方分配份额相差悬殊,若各方势力对等,则会采取较为平等的纳什谈判模式进行分配,三方分配份额较为均衡。采取战略合作策略的各相关方会采取合作博弈策略,其利益分配适宜采取风险调整的夏普利值法。研究结果有助于合理化工程建设合作方的利益分配,提高其后续运行绩效。     

基于建筑信息模型的协同建设项目多层次多阶段利益分配机制——设计采购施工模式情景下

设计采购施工(EPC)模式与建筑信息模型(BIM)融合应用于项目建设能够有效带动建筑行业的转型升级,但不成熟的利益分配机制却阻碍了二者的推广与应用.鉴于此,依据EPC模式下的二元管理制度提出基于宏观层面的两层次利益分配机制,依据BIM在项目全寿命周期的应用特点提出基于微观层面的三阶段利益分配机制.研究结果表明:以委托代理理论为基础构建的第一层次利益分配模型,能够保证在业主与总承包商之间信息不对称情形下实现基于BIM的单阶段静态利益分配的公平性与效率性;以重要程度、合作程度以及贡献有效度为依据构建的第二层次利益分配模型,能够保证在总承包商与各分包商之间协同合作情形下实现基于BIM的多阶段动态利益分配的有效性与合理性.最后,提出大中型复杂工程项目建设应签订"固定总价+项目优化奖励"合同、制定柔性利益分配制度,国家提供优惠政策、完善并规范BIM资质认证制度,企业重视并加大BIM应用投入等对策建议.     

智能建管平台下工程总承包项目信息共享激励研究

信息共享是提高工程总承包（engineering-procurement-construction, EPC）项目管理效率的关键因素之一,而以建筑信息模型（BIM）技术为基础,结合云计算、人工智能、物联网等技术,在项目全生命周期内对项目成本、进度、质量、安全等多方面进行有效的数字化管控的智能建管平台的应用可以有效改善EPC项目中信息不对称现象。但是工程实践中存在总承包商信息共享积极性不高的问题。针对这一问题,以业主方主导构建的智能建管平台为特定情境,运用演化博弈理论构建业主方和总承包商之间的博弈模型,分析双方在信息共享激励过程中的策略选择并进行仿真研究,以探讨不同参数对总承包商信息共享行为的影响,以及影响双方策略选择的关键因素。结果发现：业主方的额外收益越大、激励成本越低,其更倾向于采取激励策略;总承包商积极信息共享的潜在收益越大、消极信息共享的机会收益越小,其更倾向于采取积极信息共享策略;总承包商的智能建管平台应用成熟度和对总承包商的补贴对双方的策略都有显著影响。基于此,提出业主方应从物质激励和声誉激励相结合、基于智能建管平台应用的不同时期及时调整激励策略和辅以适当惩罚机制3个维度来...     

建设项目参与方企业组织系统演化博弈分析

系统科学的发展,为建设项目管理和建筑企业的发展研究提供了平台.将建设项目各参与方企业的决策研究置于此平台之上,利用演化博弈论的复制动态方法,建立项目管理决策的动态演化博弈模型,研究项目利益相关者初始决策下企业的演化发展规律,据以分析各参数对演化稳定策略的影响,认为建立一种合作共赢策略能使项目利益最大化,进而使项目参与方企业长远利益最大化,以此为项目参与方企业避免短命、寻求长期化发展提供理论支持.     

试论建筑市场的三方博弈及业主方应对策略

通过对建筑市场上业主、监理方及承包商的市场博弈行为的描述和模型的分析．揭示了各方的利益关系和策略取向。结合我国建筑市场的现状,通过以业主是否采取奖惩机制的模型分析,为业主在三方博弈中制定应对策略和办法提出了可行的建议。     

跨组织项目合作的知识共享行为演化博弈研究

伴随着大量复杂项目的涌现,寻求外部互补性知识资源开展跨组织项目合作已成为组织完成项目任务的重要途径。本文聚焦跨组织项目合作中知识共享博弈双方的策略选择问题,构建博弈模型并求解演化稳定策略,借助仿真软件分析相关因素如何影响博弈结果。研究表明：博弈双方知识储量、知识共享程度、互补知识占比、知识吸收再创造能力、共享协同增效价值、激励系数和违约费用与知识共享行为呈正相关关系;知识共享费用、投机收益价值、知识泄露风险系数与知识共享行为呈负相关关系;合理范围内的协同增效价值分配系数会促进知识共享行为的发生。     

BIM技术下IPD项目团队激励池分配研究

基于BIM技术的信息共享平台支持下,提出激励池概念,确定激励池最优规模。采用社会网络分析法(SNA),熵值法对IPD项目各参与方的风险感知因素和贡献值进行定量分析,构建激励池分配模型,量化各参与方以何种比例来分配激励池中的共享收益,提供激励池分配的合理决策方案,以期推进IPD模式在我国的实施。     

基于利益均沾和合作博弈的巨项目组织联盟利益协调研究

鉴于巨项目组织联盟各参与主体利益诉求点的冲突性和矛盾性特征,探索性地提出巨项目组织联盟利益均沾的理念(寻求各参与主体“共同把握的最大公约数”)及其数量刻画(利益主体的最大共同利益效用函数),建立利益均沾理念下巨项目组织联盟利益协调的平行四边形矢量合成法则,构建基于利益均沾和合作博弈的巨项目组织联盟利益博弈综合修正模型.实例分析结果表明:在利益均沾理念与统筹公平效率的原则下,基于基于利益均沾和合作博弈的的组合修正模型对于巨项目组织联盟的利益分配是公平合理的.实例分析表明该模型计算结果较为客观可靠,具有较强的可行性和有效性.     

不完全信息视角下公私合作模式风险分担研究——基于参与主体的不同出价顺序

目前中国PPP模式进入了“规范发展新时代”,在生态环境保护、脱贫攻坚等民生短板等方面迎来了新机遇和挑战,然而PPP模式蕴含着复杂风险因素,如何进行有效的风险分担是保障PPP模式顺利实施的关键问题。本文基于讨价还价动态博弈理论,考虑PPP模式中政府部门、项目公司与银行三方博弈过程的不同的出价顺序,分别构建了政府与“弱势同盟”之间、同盟内部之间的风险再分担模型,得出了均衡状态下三方的风险分担比例,并运用德尔菲法专家调查法获取博弈方各自的威慑能力和受摄能力相关参数值对博弈模型进行了验证。研究表明,PPP模式风险分担博弈过程中先出价一方具有“先动优势”,考虑到谈判损耗因子参与方应尽量减少谈判时间和成本,另外,引入公众参与机制可以有效降低政府部门风险分担份额等。     

契约条件下服务外包供应链知识共享协调及影响因素分析

从服务外包视角,考虑服务发包方和服务接包方知识共享时知识收益及溢出损失,构建服务外包供应链利益生成模型,分析服务发包方和服务接包方选择知识共享策略的理性条件,并引入"收益共享+成本共担"契约对服务外包供应链利益进行分配,探究有无契约、知识整合能力对服务外包供应链利益的影响并进行仿真分析。研究表明,双方知识整合能力较强时双向知识共享比单向知识共享时服务外包供应链的利润更大,知识共享的理性条件是知识共享收益大于知识共享成本;"收益共享+成本共担"契约下服务接包方与发包方收益共享份额与成本共担份额一致时服务外包供应链整体利润比无契约时的整体利润更高。     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

The Information Environment and Universal Service

This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.