专利保护下考虑技术创新的再制造供应链差异定价

研究技术创新对原制造商(OEM)和第三方再制造商(IR)的利润水平、新产品和再制造产品定价以及专利许可费的影响。考虑以下4种不同的技术创新模式:①无技术创新;②OEM技术创新;③IR技术创新;④双方同时技术创新。研究表明:无论是OEM还是IR开展技术创新,OEM的利润均上升,其中IR技术创新模式对OEM最有利;新产品价格只与OEM的技术创新水平有关,再制造产品价格与OEM和IR的技术创新水平均有关;IR技术创新时的专利许可费高于无技术创新和OEM技术创新模式。     

基于再制造和顾客等待的差别定价模型研究

研究了一种基于再制造和顾客等待的差别定价模型,假设顾客对产品的估价是异质的,当顾客估价低于新产品价格时,可能购买再制造品。研究表明制造商的最优差别定价决策和利润受到再制造成本和顾客等待行为的影响,最后通过仿真算例说明所得的结论。     

政府财政干预对OEM厂商绿色再制造的影响

以原产品生产企业(OEM厂商)为研究对象,通过两期模型探讨政府财政干预对企业再制造战略的影响,重点比较税收政策、补贴政策、"税收—补贴"联合政策对OEM厂商再制造的激励作用。研究结果表明,政府向OEM厂商征收新产品回收处置税的措施尽管会抑制新产品销量,但同时也抑制了再制造产品销量,因此难以达到扩大再制造的预期目的。与税收政策相比,补贴政策和"税收—补贴"联合政策具有正向引导作用,但两类政策的激励效果受到消费者认可度的影响。当消费者对再制造产品的认可度高时,适合采取"税收—补贴"联合政策;当消费者认可度低时,则仅适合采用补贴政策。     

基于政府补贴和产品差异的闭环供应链研究

考虑到人们生活物质水平的提高,产品生命周期被大大地缩短了,导致了许多环境和资源上的问题.在这些问题的基础上,构建了一个由制造商、零售商和消费者组成的闭环供应链.针对制造商所生产的新产品和再制造产品2种具有差异性,分别考虑无政府补贴和政府补贴制造商的情况下,综合运用最优化理论和博弈理论求解和比较分散决策和集中决策下供应链系统成员的最优定价策略和收益状况,最终得出2种产品的最优模型和最优定价策略,然后再通过算例分析验证相关的性质.研究表明:在集中决策模式下,当政府对制造商进行补贴的情况下,再制造产品的需求量增大,新产品的需求量减少,供应链的整体利润增大;在分散决策模式下,当产品差异化程度较小时,有政府补贴情况下新产品和再制造产品的需求量减少,制造商、零售商和供应链整体的利润得到提升;当产品差异化过大时,制造商的利润小于无政府补贴情况下的利润,有政府补贴的情况下整体供应链和零售商的利润要大于政府不补贴的情况.     

碳限额与交易机制下企业再制造生产决策研究

建立了一个具有三种产品生产能力的寡头垄断制造商的生产决策模型。这个模型以高端消费群体和低端消费群体划分购买区域,研究制造商在某个产品的整个生命周期内,为了获得最大利润而对新产品、再制造产品和翻新产品所做出的生产决策。在决策过程中,政府对企业的碳排放有限额,因此,超出限额部分的碳排放权,制造商需要从碳市场上购买。通过数学模型的构建和求解,得出制造商在不同碳排放节约和碳交易价格下的生产决策;同时求出了生产单位再制造产品所能节约的碳排放量的几个临界值。结果发现:制造商在不同单位再制造产品节约的碳排放临界值范围内为了得到最大利润会选择生产不同的产品组合。     

考虑支付意愿差异及再制造商风险规避的再制造决策——基于不同专利保护及碳配额交易

研究支付意愿(WTP)差异及不同专利制度下碳配额交易政策及再制造商风险规避对再制造生产决策的影响。研究结果表明:(1)固定专利费用模式下新产品、再制造产品的产量较高但价格较低。(2)当再制造节碳能力较强时,变动专利费用模式下供应链碳排放总量较小;反之,固定专利费用模式下供应链碳排放总量较小。(3)固定专利费用存在临界值,大于此临界值时,固定专利授权费用模式下原始设备制造商(OEM)获利更多;反之,变动专利授权费用模式下OEM获利更多。     

基于再造外部竞争的OEM阻止策略研究

构建一个两阶段的博弈模型,综合考虑OEM可能采取再制造、回收但不再制造、收取再售特许费这三种阻止策略下,探讨新产品、再制品的最优定价。通过数值仿真分析,发现三种策略均能起到缓解外部竞争的作用。同时探讨不同再制品价值折扣和产品特性下的OEM策略选择。最后分析不同策略对再制造市场和消费者的影响,提出引导OEM策略选择的建议。     

不同专利保护及碳配额交易下考虑WTP差异及再制造商风险规避的再制造决策

本文研究了WTP差异及不同专利制度下,碳配额交易政策及再制造商风险规避度对再制造生产决策的影响。研究结果表明：(1)固定专利费用模式新产品产量、再制造产品产量较高,新产品价格、再制造产品价格较低。(2)当再制造节碳能力较强时,变动专利费用模式下供应链碳排放总量较小;反之,固定专利费用模式下供应链碳排放总量较小。(3)固定专利费用存在临界值。当固定专利授权费用大于此临界值时,固定专利授权费用模式下OEM获利更多;反之,变动专利授权费用模式下OEM获利更多。     

基于生态效益的闭环供应链回收模式分析

以生态效益最大化为决策准则,分析制造商负责回收、零售商负责回收和第三方负责回收3种模式的最优回收率、产品价格和企业利润,得出零售商回收模式相对最佳。在再制造活动经济与不经济两种情况下,对3种模式的整体绩效进行比较,得出再制造节约对系统影响较大,政府应采取措施激励制造商通过产品创新设计出可再制造水平高的产品,实现企业、社会和环境的多赢。     

应对外包制造商产品竞争的品牌广告策略

考虑一个原始设备制造商(OEM)和一个具有自身品牌产品的外包制造商(CM)之间合作竞争模型。CM生产自身品牌产品,该产品与OEM的产品有一定替代性,OEM为了保护其产品的市场份额,就考虑投放品牌广告。分CM代工产品的批发价格外生和内生两种情况讨论,研究了OEM和CM产品的最优价格和OEM最优的广告量以及投放广告前后利润的变化情况。研究表明:批发价格外生时,OEM投放广告能够起到积极的作用,较广告投放前的利润有所增加,CM利润减少;批发价由CM决策时,OEM投放广告前后利润增加不大,CM利润会有所增加。     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

To serve and promote science development via innovation

CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Tracing the origin and early radiation of birds——Paleornithologist ZHOU Zhonghe

With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants."     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

The Information Environment and Universal Service

This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.