学龄前儿童穿珠活动特点的研究

目的：测试不同年龄和性别学龄前儿童的穿珠能力,评价儿童手部小肌肉群活动的发展。方法：以浙江省25所幼儿园3～6岁的5 123名学前儿童为研究对象,进行＂一分钟穿珠＂测试,半年后进行第二次测试。以年龄、性别等作为影响因素进行比较分析。结果：①3～6岁学龄前儿童随着年龄的增加穿珠能力不断增加,4.5～5.5岁年龄段女童穿珠能力好于男童（P〈0.05）。②半年前后穿珠变化值提示,手部精细活动能力的发展敏感期男童为3～4岁之间,女童则更长一点为3.5～5岁之间。结论：学前阶段手部精细活动能力发展迅速,女童优于男童,其发展敏感期女童长于男童。     

关于纵跳比立定跳远更能准确评定下肢爆发力的研究

通过对立定跳远与纵跳的动力学比较分析,探讨采用纵跳或立定跳远来评价下肢爆发力的准确性与有效性。方法:运用三维测力台对10位普通大学男生进行立定跳远和纵跳的测试。每个受试者按要求进行三次立定跳远和三次纵跳,对于每一个受试者,取其最好的测试成绩进行比较分析。结果表明:纵跳中的地面反作用力比立定跳远的地面反作用力要大12.90%,最大功率更是相差49.30%。纵跳中最大功率与纵跳成绩相关系数高达0.83,而立定跳远中最大功率与立定跳远成绩相关系数仅0.29。结论:纵跳比立定跳远能更准确有效地评价普通学生的下肢爆发力。     

9～18岁儿童少年纵跳技能的运动学研究

以苏州市区333名在校普通中、小学生为研究对象,使用JVC9800高速摄像机以100fps的速度及德国SIMI-motion录像解析系统对研究对象纵跳技能运动学参数的年龄特征进行研究.结果显示:1)男生纵跳高度呈现逐渐增大的年龄特征,增长的较快时期在13～14岁、17～18岁年龄段;女生在11～12岁年龄段纵跳高度增长最快,13岁以后逐渐下降.2)儿童少年足长与纵跳高度呈低度相关,而足高、跟腱长、小腿长、下肢长等指标与纵跳高度相关不密切.3)纵跳各阶段所用时间(腾空时间除外)的长短与纵跳高度相关不密切.4)儿童少年纵跳时下肢关节角呈现逐渐增大的年龄特征;儿童少年纵跳时适当深蹲起跳效果较好.     

对山东省3～6岁幼儿体能指标的现状、特点及变化规律的研究

通过对山东省3～6岁幼儿10米往返跑、立定跳远、网球掷远、双腿连续跳、坐位体前屈、走平衡木6项体能指标的测试，分析了山东省3～6岁男女、城乡幼儿体能变化的年龄、性别与城乡特点，揭示了其自然变化的趋势与规律。     

6～8 岁儿童静态平衡能力的比较研究与评价模型的建立

运用ANOVA和Nonparametric Test法,得出6～8岁儿童的平衡能力在性别、年龄上存在差异.其中男童6岁、7岁分别与8岁之间的差异比6岁、7岁之间的差异要大;女童的情况与男童相似,但差异没男童明显.总体讲,6～8岁儿童的静态平衡能力随着年龄的增大而增强.运用Correlations分析,得出身高、体重与平衡能力之间中度相关.运用Factor Analysis法.分别建立了6岁、7岁、8岁男童和6岁、7岁、8岁女童的静态平衡能力评价模型.     

试析高考体育立定三级跳远项目的第一跳

本文通过文献、行动研究等方法从立定三级跳远第一跳技术结构中上肢、躯干、下肢等层面进行分析和训练的实践,总结立定三级跳第一跳的训练案例和训练要点,为立定三级跳成绩的提高提供参考。     

对山东省3～6岁幼儿体能指标的现状、特点及变化规律的研究

本研究通过对山东省3～6岁幼儿10米往返跑、立定跳远、网球掷远、双腿连续跳、坐位体前屈、走平衡木6项体能指标的测试,分析了山东省3～6岁男女、城乡幼儿体能变化的年龄、性别与城乡特点.     

山西省3-6岁幼儿身体素质发展规律对幼儿武术教学的启示

幼儿3-6岁的体育教学,对早期培养以灵敏、速度、快速力量、协调、平衡等为能力要求的竞技体育武术项目高水准运动员的成才很重要。文章根据2005年山西省国民体质监测幼儿身体素质坐位体前屈、10米折返跑、立定跳远、双脚连续跳、平衡木五项身体素质指标的测试结果中所反映出的3-6岁幼儿时期：在性别遗传方面,柔韧、速度、力量素质有明显差异,协调、平衡能力差别不大和6项素质均存在自然增长快的年龄段的身体素质自然增长规律。提出在3-6岁幼儿武术体育教学中,对男女幼儿的柔韧素质、速度素质、跳跃素质应区别对待,对协调性素质、平衡素质,男女幼儿的武术体育教学,应当安排一致。     

3-6岁儿童动作协调能力测试方法与发展特征问题的探讨

运用问卷调查与实验法,编制了3-6岁儿童动作协调能力12项运动技能测试指标.结果表明, 3-6岁男女儿童各项身体协调性,异性同年龄段之间没有显著的差异性,同性幼儿在不同年龄段各项指标之间存在差异, 3-4岁是幼儿听觉肢体动作、被动性动作、周期性动作与精细性动作协调发展的突增期; 4-5岁是幼儿左右上肢动作、姿势平衡性动作、自主性动作以及操作性动作协调发展的突增期; 5-6岁是幼儿手眼动作与上下肢动作协调发展的突增期.     

基于体育素养测评的儿童基本动作技能测试体系构建与验证研究

目的：儿童基本动作技能（fundamental motor skill,FMS）测量是体育素养评价的重要组成部分,是评估、诊断、监控个体动作发展的重要指标。依据经典测量理论和动作发展理论,结合我国的语言和文化背景,研发基于体育素养评价的我国儿童基本动作技能测试体系,该体系具有简洁高效、操作性强等特点,适用于测量我国儿童的群体情况。方法：应用德尔菲法建构3～5岁和6～9岁2套儿童基本动作技能测试体系;应用测试法对651名中国上海儿童进行测量体系的可行性、信度和效度进行验证。结果：3～5岁阶段分测试项包括：10 m往返跑、双脚连续跳、踢球过障碍物、单手塞硬币、走平衡木、单脚站立;6～9岁阶段分测试项包括：侧向滑步跑、单脚连续跳、踢球过障碍物、原地换手拍球、走平衡木、倒退走直线。可行性验证中各年龄儿童的测试成绩随年龄增加而提升（P<0.05）。重测信度系数分布为0.66～0.94;内部一致性信度系数分别为0.66和0.62。结构效度中验证性因子分析的结果表明2个年龄段的模型均适配良好;同时效度显示不同年龄的分测试项有95.24%的指标与美国粗大动作发展测试（TGMD-3）存在显著相关关...     

Motor performance,body fatness and environmental factors in preschool children

The first aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between motor performance and body fatness among 3- to 5-year-old children. The second aim was to assess whether this relationship works similarly for boys and girls. We also investigated whether socioeconomic status (SES) and geographical area when children are aged 3 years old predicts the motor performance of 4 and 5-yr-old children. Motor performance was assessed through the Preschool Test Battery, while body fatness was estimated through body mass index (BMI). SES and geographical area were assessed via parent proxy-report questionnaires. BMI was negatively associated with standing long jump. The association of BMI and motor performance was not statistically different for boys and girls. Children from low SES performed better than high SES peers in tennis ball throw for distance. Rural children were better performers than urban peers in standing long jump. Rural area at baseline was also predictor of standing long jump and tennis ball throw for distance at time 1 and 2. In conclusion, BMI had a negative association with standing long jump and the relationship of BMI with all motor tests was similar for boys and girls. SES and rural area were predictors of motor performance.     

Body Fatness and Motor Performance During Preadolescence

Abstract

Performance differences between males and females have been attributed to both biological and cultural factors, although the relative significance of each has not been ascertained. Differences in body fatness between males and females has been frequently mentioned as one biological factor responsible for variations in physical performance. In children, it has been shown that boys exhibit slightly higher performance levels than girls until adolescence, when the differences favoring the boys become greater. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between selected physical performance tests and body fatness in preadolescent boys and girls. Measures of age, height, weight, skinfold thicknesses at two sites, and performance scores on the vertical jump, standing broad jump, modified pullup, 40-yard dash, and 400-yard run were obtained on 563 elementary school children. The results of a one-way ANOVA indicated that there was a significant difference between boys and girls on all of the physical performance tests. Although the boys were slightly taller and heavier and scored better than the girls on the performance tests, there was no significant difference between the sexes in the sum of two skinfolds. Separate regression equations for the sum of two skinfolds by performance on each test indicated that, with the exception of the modified pullup test, body fatness was only marginally related to performance. These findings indicated that, although inversely related to the ability to move the total body weight, body fatness was of minimal importance in explaining performance differences between young boys and girls.     

近10年哈尔滨体育学院学生体质健康状况比较研究

为了全面了解哈尔滨体育学院学生近10年的体质健康变化情况,采用实验法对哈尔滨体育学院2003至2012级学生进行身高、体重、肺活量、握力（男）、坐位体前屈（女）、立定跳远、台阶实验测试,并将测试数据进行整理,对比10年变化情况。结果表明,近10年,学生身高、体重和体质指数变化不大,其中男生平均体质批量数较高,女生正常;台阶指数、立定跳远和坐位体前屈总体上呈下降趋势,其中立定跳远和台阶指数总本上处于良好水平,坐位体前屈虽呈下降趋势,但各年级均处于优秀水平;肺活量和握力出现波动,且处于及格水平,但哈尔滨体育学院学生体质健康状况好于其他普通高校,与同类体育院校相当;所有年级中2004级、2（107级和2012级学生体质健康状况好于其他年级,2009级、2010级和2011级则较差。哈尔滨体育学院学生体质健康状况整体上呈下降趋势,各年级学生呼吸机能一般,心肺功能和下肢爆发力较好;男生超重,上肢手臂力量偏低;女生身体形态发育正常,柔韧素质好。     

Age and sex differences in motor performance of pre‐school Nigerian children

Differences in motor performance according to chronological age and gender of 341 young Nigerian children (ages 3 to 5) were examined. Motor test items designed by Morris et al. (1981) were administered to the subjects. Analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences in the motor performance of the groups. In the whole sample, more age differences than sex differences in performance were noted. Except for the balancing and running performances of the girls, a fairly linear trend of improvement with age was observed in the motor performances of the groups. At each age level the boys consistently performed better than the girls in four of the six motor tests (catching, standing long jump, tennis ball throw and speed run). Generally, the 4‐ and 5‐year‐old children performed homogeneously, with a great disparity in performance noted for the 3‐year‐old children. The results of this study confirm that age and sex differences in motor performance occur at early childhood. Prospective studies should seek to control the extraneous factors which influence motor development and account for the observed differences in motor performance of pre‐school children.     

不同发育水平儿童少年力量素质与激素水平的变化规律与关联分析

目的：研究不同发育水平儿童少年力量素质与激素水平变化的规律，探索儿童少年力量素质随人体内分泌系统生长发育变化的阶段性特征。方法：采取中华05计分法判读骨龄，筛选出发育类型正常的603名（其中男295名，女308名）6~16岁学生为研究对象，采用放射免疫分析法获得血睾酮、生长激素指标，并测试相关力量素质指标。结果：（1）6~16岁之间的儿童少年，其中11~15岁的男生，10~12岁的女生，其睾酮指标为快速增长期；男生在10~12岁，女生在14~15岁为生长激素的快速增长期。（2）立定跳远与握力数值在血睾酮指标、生长激素指标快速增长期间，其提高时段并不同步。（3）生长激素指标男生在6岁之前出现高浓度值达到7.0 ng/mL，女生在7岁达到6.28 ng/mL。结论：（1）男女生睾酮指标快速增长期与青春期开始时间一致，提示在此阶段进行有目的的力量练习，有利于克服青春期男女生脂肪增长过快带来的负面影响。（2）6~7岁生长激素出现高浓度值，提示生长激素在6岁之前存在快速增长期，为早期力量训练提供了可能。（3）利用遗传度高的激素水平的变化规律探索儿童少年力量素质运动敏感期，可以更准确地判读运动素质敏感期的时间节点。     

Physical fitness normative values for 6–18-year-old Greek boys and girls,using the empirical distribution and the lambda,mu, and sigma statistical method

The aim of the this study was to establish age- and gender-specific physical fitness normative values and to compare percentiles and Z scores values in a large, nationwide sample of Greek children aged 6–18 years. From March 2014 to May 2014, a total of 424,328 boys and girls aged 6–18 years who attended school in Greece were enrolled. The studied sample was representative, in terms of age–sex distribution and geographical region. Physical fitness tests (i.e. 20?m shuttle run test (SRT), standing long jump, sit and reach, sit-ups, and 10?×?5?m SRT) were performed and used to calculate normative values, using the percentiles of the empirical distributions and the lambda, mu, and sigma statistical method. Normative values were presented as tabulated percentiles for five health-related fitness tests based on a large data set comprising 424,328 test performances. Boys typically scored higher than girls on cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and speed/agility, but lower on flexibility (all p values <0.001). Older boys and girls had better performances than younger ones (p?相似文献   

Kinematic analysis of the standing long jump in children 6- to 12-years-old

The purpose of this study was to analyze the kinematic variables that determine the performance of the standing long jump in children 6- to 12-years-old. There were 121 healthy children (58 girls) recorded while they performed the standing long jump test. All kinematic variables showed a significant correlation with calculated jump distance and measured jump distance, except for the knee joint angle at maximum shoulder extension angle, ankle joint angle at maximum shoulder extension angle, and shoulder joint angle at maximum knee flexion angle. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that sex, age, and body mass index accounted for 51.1% of the jump distance variance. Among all the kinematic variables, take-off distance and take-off speed were accounted for the most of the variation in the jump distance. Physical education teachers and coaches should consider special attention to these anthropometrics and kinematic aspects in improving the standing long jump performance in children.     

Motor Performance of Girls Age 6 to 14 Years

Group achievement scores for elementary school girls for the 30-yard run, the standing broad jump and the overarm throw are presented to add to the limited information now available on children in the first three grades (ages 6 through 9 years). Means and standard deviations are reported for grades 1 through 8 and for ages 6 through 14 years. Reliabilities of within-day scores are reported. Correlations of year-to-year scores and of first-grade scores with those of grades 3 through 5 show that individuals tend to remain in the same relative position within the group during the elementary school years. This paper adds to present knowledge of motor performance of elementary school children by reporting observations derived from achievement scores of girls during a five-year period.