浙江省城市学龄前儿童下肢力量发展特点

对浙江省25所幼儿园3～6岁的5 267名学前儿童进行立定跳远和10m连续跳测试,观察浙江省学龄前儿童的下肢力量发展情况,旨在为评价学前儿童下肢的活动能力及其发展趋势以及探寻运动素质发展敏感期提供参考依据。结果发现3～6岁幼儿的立定跳及连续跳成绩随年龄的增长而显著增加。性别因素对两个指标的测试成绩有明显的影响,但对两次测试的变化率没有影响。分析得出浙江省城市3～6岁男童立定跳能力显著强于同年龄段女童,在3岁时增长速率最大;连续跳成绩男女组在相同年龄段几乎没有差异,结合立定跳成绩分析显示,女童的下肢协调性优于同年龄段男童。     

6～8 岁儿童静态平衡能力的比较研究与评价模型的建立

运用ANOVA和Nonparametric Test法,得出6～8岁儿童的平衡能力在性别、年龄上存在差异.其中男童6岁、7岁分别与8岁之间的差异比6岁、7岁之间的差异要大;女童的情况与男童相似,但差异没男童明显.总体讲,6～8岁儿童的静态平衡能力随着年龄的增大而增强.运用Correlations分析,得出身高、体重与平衡能力之间中度相关.运用Factor Analysis法.分别建立了6岁、7岁、8岁男童和6岁、7岁、8岁女童的静态平衡能力评价模型.     

基于加速度计测量的中国学龄前儿童体力活动和久坐行为的系统评价

目的 系统评价应用加速度计测量的中国学龄前儿童体力活动和久坐行为。方法 检索PubMed、Web of Science、中国知网、万方数据库,搜集测量学龄前儿童体力活动和久坐行为的相关横断面研究,检索时限为1998年至2022年4月。由2名评审者独立进行文献筛选、资料提取及质量评价工作后,采用Stata 16.0软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入23项研究,涵盖中国16个市区4449名学龄前儿童。Meta分析结果显示：中国学龄前儿童日总体力活动时间占比24.4%(190.3min/d, 95%CI:158.9～221.6),日中高强度体力活动时间占比8.2%(63.6min/d, 95%CI:53.6～73.6),日久坐时间占比67.2%(523.9min/d, 95%CI:478.6～569.2)。亚组分析结果表明,女童总体力活动及中高强度体力活动时间均低于男童,而久坐时间高于男童;随年龄增长,儿童中高强度体力活动及久坐时间明显增加,总体力活动时间无变化。结论 中国学龄前儿童体力活动水平总体满足现有指南标准,但久坐行为仍然严重。女童体力活动水平尚未达到指南推荐量。     

儿童最大有氧活动能力的追踪研究

报告了60名10～15岁儿童(31名男童,29名女童)最大有氧活动能力的追踪研究结果。应用Jaeger LE/6型步行机运动,使用Jaeger自动气体分析仪作气体分析,发现男女童的VO_2max、VO_2max/Ht、VO_2max/Ht~2及VO_2max/HR均随年龄增长而增加,VO_2max/Wt及VO_2max/LBM均未随年龄而增长的规律。男童VO_2max绝对值及各项相对值均明显高于女童。以生活年龄为基础的VO_2max年增长值,男童呈随年龄增长而增加的趋势,女童除13～14岁外,呈随年龄增长而减少的趋势;VO_2max/Wt年增长值男女童在年龄组间均未见到规律性的变化。以身高突增高峰年龄(PHA)为基础的VO_2max,男童从PHA-2到PHS 2持续增加,女童从PHA-1到PHA 1呈下降趋势,以后略有上升;VO_2max/Wt年增长值,男童在PHA前为负值,以后为正值并逐渐增加,女童无规律性变化。以生活年龄或以身高突增高峰年龄为基础的最大吸氧量年增长值的个体差异都很大。     

对城市与乡镇幼儿园810名3~6岁学龄前儿童感觉统合能力的测试研究

通过对８１０名不同性别、不同地域的３～６岁学龄前儿童感统合能力的测试发现,我国学龄前儿童感觉统合失调的发生具有普遍性,并存在明显的地域、性别、年龄、出生状态以及后天教育差异。建议相关人员高度重视并积极开展儿童感觉统合训练,以期预防和矫正獐感统合失调。     

不同发育程度儿童身体成分变化特征及评价体脂率方法的研究

目的:对骨龄在6～12岁的儿童分别使用双能X线吸收法(DEXA)和生物电阻抗法(BIA)对身体成分进行测试,分析儿童身体成分指标的特征与变化规律,研究两种方法的相互关系,以DEXA为标准检验BIA与DEXA的相关性和一致性.方法:选取235名骨龄从6 ～12岁健康儿童(男童,n=127;女童,n=108),分别测试和计算身高、体重、身体体重指数和骨龄,分别使用DEXA和BIA(有16名男童和11名女童未完成BIA测试)测量儿童％BF.结果:DEXA所测儿童上肢、大腿、躯干和全身％BF均随骨龄增加而持续增加,在相同骨龄段儿童大腿部分％BF都要高于上肢和躯干部分％ BF.在剔除性别和骨龄变量的影响条件下,儿童全身％BFDEXA与％BFBIA二变量的偏相关系数为0.906(P＜0.01).所有儿童全身％BFDEXA与％BFBIA之间的线性回归分析,回归方程为DEXA％ BF=1.040BIA％ BF+0.119,判定系数R2=0.846,回归估计的标准误差SEE=3.779kg.结论:随着生长发育的进行儿童身体局部和全身％ BF具有逐渐升高的趋势.BIA与DEXA在测量儿童全身体脂率时具有很高的相关性,BIA可以作为一种评价全身体脂率的方法.     

成都地区学龄前儿童形态发育现状研究

为全面了解成都地区学龄前儿童的生长发育现状,制订体质评价标准,根据随机整群抽样的原则,在成都地区选取城乡有代表性区县各三个幼儿园中的3～6岁身体健康的汉族儿童2666人,男1358人,女1308人,进行了身高、体重、胸围等指标的检测。按照3～5岁每半岁为一个年龄组,6岁为一年龄组,分城乡性别共28个年龄组,每组80～110人。经统计结果表明：各项形态指标随年龄增长显著,男优于女,城优于乡;根据此调查资料,可以制定出成都地区学龄前儿童体质评价标准,作为《全民健身纲要》实施中幼儿体质评价的基础,并填补了本地区幼儿体质研究的空白。     

学龄前儿童运动表现与其认知成熟度和社会人口学方面的关系研究

目的：探讨学龄前儿童运动表现与其认知成熟度和社会人口学方面的关系,识别导致学龄前儿童低运动能力的基本因素并提出相应干预措施,进而增强运动表现,促进身心健康发展。方法：采用心理成熟度量表、儿童运动能力评估测试(MABC-2)和社会人口学数据表对424名3到6岁的学龄前儿童进行调查。运用Kolmogorov-Smirnov单样本检验、Friedma(Wilcoxon)和二元Logistic回归对收集的数据进行统计分析。结果：高认知成熟度和低运动能力之间有显著的关联(OR=0.513,95%IC=[0.266–1.000]),表明高认知成熟度是低运动能力的一种保护因素;社会人口学因素没有显示出对儿童运动表现的干预作用。结论：学龄前儿童的高认知成熟度是低运动能力的保护因素,而家庭的社会人口学因素与学龄前儿童的运动表现和认知成熟度没有关系。     

学龄前儿童不同簇集特征体力活动与体质健康的剂量-效应关系研究

目的:检验学龄前儿童不同簇集特征体力活动与体质健康是否存在剂量-效应关系。方法:不同簇集特征体力活动通过连续7天佩戴加速度传感器进行测量。根据持续时间不同,分为零星中高强度体力活动(MVPA)(2~4 s)、短时持续MVPA(5~9 s)和长时持续MVPA(≥10 s)3类。体质测试包括心肺耐力、肌肉力量和速度灵敏素质。将男、女童不同簇集特征体力活动和体质健康综合得分分别按四分位数进行分类(Q1~Q4组),并定义体质健康得分最高的Q4组为高体质健康水平(HPH)。采用逻辑回归和线性回归探讨不同簇集特征MVPA与HPH间的关系。结果:共265名受试者纳入最后统计分析(男童149名,女童116名;月龄,57.19±5.33月)。男童中,校正混杂因素后,以活动量最少的Q1组为参照,活动量最多的Q4组中零星、短时持续和长时持续MVPA达到HPH的比值比(OR)分别为:11.72(95%CI:2.27,60.53)、7.53(95%CI:1.83,30.90)和8.98(95%CI:1.78,45.39);女童中也得到类似结果,分别为11.85(95%CI:2.33,60.19)、12.34(95%CI:2.47,61.57)和8.58(95%CI:1.70,43.41)。此外,研究发现,合计(零星+持续)MVPA与HPH在男童中存在非线性关系。当合计MVPA≤65 min/天时,每增加1 min的合计MVPA,达到HPH的OR增加19%(OR=1.19,95%CI:1.03,1.37);合计MVPA>65 min/天时,达到HPH的OR无显著变化。女童中未发现此非线性关系。结论:学龄前儿童累积不同簇集特征MVPA越多,达到HPH的比率越高,呈现出显著的剂量-效应关系。而在男童中,每日累积的MVPA超过65 min后达到HPH的比率不再显著增加。     

基于体育素养测评的儿童基本动作技能测试体系构建与验证研究

目的：儿童基本动作技能（fundamental motor skill,FMS）测量是体育素养评价的重要组成部分,是评估、诊断、监控个体动作发展的重要指标。依据经典测量理论和动作发展理论,结合我国的语言和文化背景,研发基于体育素养评价的我国儿童基本动作技能测试体系,该体系具有简洁高效、操作性强等特点,适用于测量我国儿童的群体情况。方法：应用德尔菲法建构3～5岁和6～9岁2套儿童基本动作技能测试体系;应用测试法对651名中国上海儿童进行测量体系的可行性、信度和效度进行验证。结果：3～5岁阶段分测试项包括：10 m往返跑、双脚连续跳、踢球过障碍物、单手塞硬币、走平衡木、单脚站立;6～9岁阶段分测试项包括：侧向滑步跑、单脚连续跳、踢球过障碍物、原地换手拍球、走平衡木、倒退走直线。可行性验证中各年龄儿童的测试成绩随年龄增加而提升（P<0.05）。重测信度系数分布为0.66～0.94;内部一致性信度系数分别为0.66和0.62。结构效度中验证性因子分析的结果表明2个年龄段的模型均适配良好;同时效度显示不同年龄的分测试项有95.24%的指标与美国粗大动作发展测试（TGMD-3）存在显著相关关...     

Gross Motor Competence and Peak Height Velocity in 10- to 14-Year-Old Canadian Youth: A Longitudinal Study

The objective of this study was to evaluate gross motor competence and growth spurt in Canadian youth. Eighty-two children (38 boys, 44 girls) were assessed over a time period of five years. Growth rate was measured quarterly; motor competence was evaluated once per year using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. Peak height velocity (PHV) occurred at a significantly younger age in the girls (11.3 ± 0.4 years) than the boys (13.4 ± 0.3 years; p < .001), and growth rate during PHV was significantly greater in the boys than the girls (2.8 ± 1.3 vs. 2.0 ± 0.7 cm/quarter; p = .003). Gross motor competence outcomes were significantly above the North American normative scores (p < .05) over the measured time period. After the occurrence of PHV, strength, strength/agility, and gross motor skill significantly decreased in girls (p < .01), and running speed/agility significantly decreased in boys (p < .05). This finding emphasizes that motor competence in pre-adolescent children may suddenly decrease after their growth spurt.     

Age and sex differences in motor performance of pre‐school Nigerian children

Differences in motor performance according to chronological age and gender of 341 young Nigerian children (ages 3 to 5) were examined. Motor test items designed by Morris et al. (1981) were administered to the subjects. Analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences in the motor performance of the groups. In the whole sample, more age differences than sex differences in performance were noted. Except for the balancing and running performances of the girls, a fairly linear trend of improvement with age was observed in the motor performances of the groups. At each age level the boys consistently performed better than the girls in four of the six motor tests (catching, standing long jump, tennis ball throw and speed run). Generally, the 4‐ and 5‐year‐old children performed homogeneously, with a great disparity in performance noted for the 3‐year‐old children. The results of this study confirm that age and sex differences in motor performance occur at early childhood. Prospective studies should seek to control the extraneous factors which influence motor development and account for the observed differences in motor performance of pre‐school children.     

The Stability of Perceived Motor Competence of Primary School Children from Two Countries over One Year

ABSTRACT

Children’s positive perceived motor competence (PMC) provides motivation for physical activity. Theoretically young children (<8 years) have inflated PMC but as children cognitively develop, perceptions are hypothesized to decrease. This study investigated strength of PMC association over time, whether any change was negative (i.e. PMC decreased) and sex differences. A total of 198 children participated, 88 (44.4%) girls and 110 (55.6%) boys, aged 8.37–11.3 years at time point one (T1). Test–retest reliability using intraclass correlation was moderate for locomotor and moderate-to-good for object control perception. Hierarchical regression analysis showed PMC at T1 positively predicted significant variance one year later (T2) for locomotor (23.1%) and object control skill (5 items: 37.7%; 7 items: 39.9%). Whilst boys and girls differed on perception level there was no interaction between PMC and sex. Incongruent with previous theoretical perspectives this study identified stability in children’s PMC across an important developmental period.     

浙江省城市汉族学生BMI拟合变化趋势研究

运用曲线拟合统计方法,建立曲线拟合模型,对1995-2005年浙江城市汉族学生断面的BMI指数曲线拟合后比较分析。结果表明,1995-2005年浙江省城市汉族7～22岁男女生BMI指数均值总体随着年龄递增而增长,男女生BMI指数快速增长主要集中在8～12岁和8～11岁年龄段,城市女生BMI指数突增期较男生提前1～2岁。     

Age and Sex Differences in Motor Performance of 3 through 6 Year Old Children

Abstract

This study examined the relationship of age and sex to the performance of 3, 4, 5, and 6 year olds on seven motor performance test items. Although significant age and sex differences were found on most of the motor tests, it appears that age generally was related more to performance than was gender. Overall, change with age was fairly linear except perhaps for balancing and a general tapering in improvement in the 5 to 6 year old category. On the tests of throwing and balancing, gender was as important as age, or more so, in its relationship to performance. Boys were superior to girls at all ages on the throwing tests; girls were superior to boys at age 6 on the Balance test. Gender differences of a lesser magnitude were found on the Speed Run and Standing Long Jump tests with the performance of boys generally being superior to the performance of girls. Thus, it appears that gender differences in motor performance occur as early as the preschool years. Interestingly, except for the Balance test, on all the tests the 3 and 4 year old boys performed similarly and the 5 and 6 year old boys performed similarly. For the girls there were more significant differences from year to year in performance, with the data generally indicating at least three distinct skill groups for girls from age 3 to 6.     

Physical Characteristic,Perceptual-Motor,and Intelligence Differences between Third- and Sixth-Grade Children

Abstract

The following measures were recorded for third- and sixth-grade children: height; weight; grip strength of the dominant and nondominant hands; elbow flexion and elbow extension strength; hip flexion and hip extension strength; dynamic balance; ball-throwing accuracy; speed of hand-arm movement; eye-hand coordination; stimulus discrimination and hand speed; perceptual ability; academic achievement; and intelligence. It was concluded that sixth-grade boys had, in general, the most favorable recorded measures, followed by sixth-grade girls, third-grade boys, and third-grade girls, these differences usually being significant.     

Motor coordination,physical activity and fitness as predictors of longitudinal change in adiposity during childhood

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of motor coordination (MC), physical fitness (PF) and physical activity (PA) on the development of subcutaneous adiposity in a sample of children followed longitudinally from 6 to 10 years of age. Participants were 142 girls and 143 boys. Height, weight, and the triceps and subscapular skinfolds were measured annually between the ages of 6 and 10 years. PA was estimated with the Godin–Shephard questionnaire. MC was evaluated with the Körperkoordination Test für Kinder (KTK) test battery, and PF was assessed with four Fitnessgram tests: curl-ups (CU), push-ups (PU), trunk-lifts (TL) and one mile run/walk (MRW). Hierarchical linear modelling with MC, PF items and PA as predictors of the sum of two skinfolds (SKF) was used. The results showed that boys and girls differed significantly in SKF at baseline (girls: 19.7 mm; boys: 16.6 mm). Three PF items (CU, PU and MRW) and MC had a positive influence on SKF. For each unit improvement in CU, PU, MRW and MC, SKF was reduced by 0.06, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.12 mm, respectively. In conclusion, motor coordination, muscular strength and endurance, and aerobic endurance attenuated the accumulation of subcutaneous adipose tissue during childhood.     

青春期笨拙是否存在——青春期不同阶段青少年动作表现的比较研究

目的:分析青春期前期、中期和后期三个阶段青少年动作发展的趋势及性别差异,验证"青春期笨拙"现象是否存在,为青少年动作表现准确评估与有效训练提供依据。方法:选取处于青春期前期、中期和后期三个阶段的共302名青少年,采用BOT-2SF分别对其动作表现进行测试。测试包含4个维度8个指标:精细动作控制(精细动作准确性、精细动作整合)、手部协调(手灵巧度、上肢协调)、躯干协调(两侧协调、平衡)、力量与敏捷(速度和敏捷、力量)。结果:(1)测试总得分和具体指标(除平衡能力外)得分,阶段主效应显著,且青春期中期优于青春期前期;(2)性别主效应显著的指标有精细动作准确性、手灵巧度、上肢协调和力量;(3)性别和阶段交互效应显著的指标包含手灵巧度、跑步速度和灵敏性。结论:(1)整个青春期阶段男生、女生的动作表现均未呈现出暂时下降的现象,"青春期笨拙"现象并不存在;(2)动作表现在部分阶段的部分指标上存在性别差异。力量和上肢协调性方面,青春期三个阶段中男生都优于女生;精细动作准确性方面,青春期三个阶段中女生优于男生;手灵巧度方面,青春期中期女生优于男生;速度与敏捷方面,青春期后期男生优于女生;手灵巧度方面,青春期后期男生优于女生;(3)性别差异引起的动作表现随青春期的发展而逐渐增大。