从大众到普及进程中家庭背景对优质高等教育入学机会影响的变化

利用对2007级和2020级大一学生的全国性调查数据,分析高等教育从大众化到普及化进程中家庭背景对学生高等教育入学机会影响的变化,发现：弱势家庭背景子女向一般本科高校聚集而优势家庭背景子女向重点本科高校聚集的趋势仍在增加,家庭背景各因素对2020级学生获取重点本科教育机会的影响均明显高于2007级学生,优势阶层子女相对于基础阶层子女的机会由0.955倍变为1.600倍,高收入家庭子女相对于低收入家庭子女的机会由0.721倍变为1.481倍,城市子女相对于农村子女的机会由1.280倍变为1.406倍,男生相对于女生的机会由1.493倍变为1.719倍。基于此,当前应构建以政府支持为中心,学校、社区与家庭等领域全方位参与的社会支持系统,破解社会分层结构与教育资源分布结构对弱势家庭背景子女高等教育机会获得造成的双重障碍,进一步增加弱势家庭背景子女接受优质高等教育的机会,推进代际良性流动,提升社会开放和平等程度。     

我国社会阶层与不同类型高校间关系的变迁研究(1982-2010年)——基于四川省的实证调查

实证研究结果发现,我国社会阶层与不同类型高校间存在某种“对应关系”,即优势阶层子女更多地就读于普通本科院校尤其是部属重点高校,而弱势阶层子女大多就读于专科院校.近30年来,这种“对应关系”变得日趋明显甚至固化.政府可通过早期干预、缩小收入差距及培育中间阶层等措施尽量降低家庭背景对子女高等教育机会获得的影响,弱化高等教育系统中的阶层再生产现象,进而提高各阶层子女间高等教育机会均等化的程度.     

家庭背景对高等教育入学机会的影响——基于新疆的实证研究

基于对新疆8所高校1611名大学生的问卷调查,从三方面分析家庭背景对子女入学机会的影响。通过对数据的整理分析,得出如下结论:家庭所处社会阶层的不同影响其子女就读高校的层次和类型,基础阶层子女更加容易在公办性质高校获得入学机会;在高职高专院校中,入学机会受家庭背景影响最小;子女高等教育入学机会随父母学历的提高而增加;基础阶层子女的高等教育入学机会受其家庭经济因素影响。     

家庭经济和文化资本对子女教育机会获得的影响

根据国家统计局2000年的城镇住户调查数据,运用对应分析方法,建立相关计量模型,分析经济资本和文化资本对子女高等教育和中等教育机会获得的影响程度;并在此基础上,比较不同职业阶层子女教育机会获得的差别。研究结果表明:家庭文化资本和经济资本占有量位居前列的优势社会阶层,其子女接受的教育层次主要为高等教育;而文化资本和经济资本占有量均处劣势的社会阶层的子女接受的主要是中等教育和初等教育。另外,家庭文化资本对子女高等教育机会获得的影响明显大于家庭经济资本,而家庭文化资本对子女中等教育机会获得的影响略大于家庭经济资本。     

中国大陆高校学费对不同社会阶层子女的影响——实证调查与分析

通过对中国大陆10个省、市、区高校在校生的抽样调查,分析了学费对不同社会阶层子女的影响。以社会优势地位阶层和基础阶层子女为例,探讨了社会阶层与学费的关系、大学生对高等教育学费的态度、收费政策与不同社会阶层子女的高等教育机会、学费因素对不同阶层子女择校的影响4个问题,得出了学费对社会基础阶层子女有重要影响等结论。     

家庭背景与不同层次、质量、性质高等教育的获得

基于对全国175所高校47170名大一新生的问卷调查,分析家庭背景对我国社会成员进入不同类型高校的影响,结果发现:家庭背景对子女获得高等教育的层次、质量与性质具有显著影响,但各个具体的家庭背景因素对子女进入不同类型院校的影响力不尽相同;学生在获得不同层次、质量、性质的高等教育上呈现出不同的家庭背景特征;中间阶层子女在高等教育选择过程中获益颇多.     

社会分层对接受高等教育资源的影响

伴随着我国经济的快速增长,社会结构发生了巨大的变化,社会出现了不同的阶层。由于各个阶层的经济收入差距、文化层次、职业职位等差异,导致其对各个阶层子女接受高等教育的入学机会、过程及结果产生了不同的影响。社会优势阶层相对于社会中下阶层在接受高等教育时,无论是高等教育入学机会还是接受高等教育的过程及结果中都占有巨大的优势,导致高等教育资源分配的不公平。     

中国社会分层与高等教育公平之间的关系

社会公平是近些年来的一个热点话题,高等教育公平也是备受争议,本文从社会分层的角度探讨了不同阶层子女在高校选择类型、专业,以及家庭资本与经济资本对子女接受高等教育机会影响这三方面的问题。     

中美家庭高等教育消费不平衡比较

本文对中美两国不同阶层家庭收入情况、家庭高等教育消费状况、高等教育成本在不同阶层家庭的分担和两国高等教育资助体系进行了比较与分析.根据对国内8所高校的实地调查发现,中国家庭高等教育负担自2000年以来有下降的趋势,表现为高等教育学费和食宿费占家庭教育支出的比重下降.我国高等教育公平要解决的紧迫问题是尽快制定弹性学费政策,完善资助体系,保证贫困家庭的子女能够顺利完成学业.     

缩小各阶层高等教育入学机会差异,促进教育公平——建国60年高校招生政策文本的视角

1949年至1965年,国家通过报考资格政策倾斜、优先录取政策、免试保送入学政策等措施,使得工农阶层子女获得大量的高等教育入学机会。"文革"期间废除高考、实行推荐入学制,最终导致人情、权力等在招生中泛滥。1978年恢复高考以后,高等教育入学机会按照能力本位原则进行分配,同时国家不仅对少数民族考生、华侨子女、退役军人、烈士子女等实行降分投档优惠,而且对学科、艺术、体育绩优生实行加分政策,具有文化资本优势的阶层子女获得更多入学机会。而1999年高校扩招以来,随着高校自主招生、独立学院、艺术招生规模的扩大,那些具有经济资本、权力资本与文化资本优势的阶层子女获得越来越多的优质高等教育入学机会。     

Cultural capital and habitus in context: the importance of high school college-going culture

While an extensive body of research has examined the role of cultural capital in reproducing social class inequality in educational outcomes, the role of habitus and school context has received less attention in quantitative studies. We attend to this gap in the literature by considering the relationship between cultural capital, habitus, and the transition into higher education across high schools with low and high college-going cultures in the United States. Findings indicate that the relationship between cultural capital and transition into higher education is context specific and manifested only in schools with a high college-going culture. In addition, students from less advantaged family backgrounds benefit more from cultural capital than their more advantaged counterparts, but this is the case primarily in schools with a high college-going culture. Habitus, however, is related to the transition into higher education regardless of the high school context and benefits all students equally.     

Refugees and online education: student perspectives on need and support in the context of (online) higher education

ABSTRACT

Online education and in particular Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) are often regarded as a way to solve global educational challenges. In this article, we highlight the students’ uptake of such a ‘digital solution’. Presenting initial findings from a research project in Germany, we situate our investigation in the specific context of digital educational offers for refugees, using Kiron Open Higher Education as an example. Kiron has designed an innovative academic model, with MOOCs at its core, to ease refugees’ access into higher education. Drawing from student data of 1375 Kiron students we look at students’ actual usage of the offer and the accompanying support services as well as the difficulties refugee students face while navigating online higher education. Results show, amongst others, rather low completion rates in the online courses and point to a much more nuanced picture of how students make use of the offer – putting online education as an easy, straightforward formula to the integration of disadvantaged students into question.     

社会分层对高等教育公平影响的实证研究

本文基于问卷调查所得数据,考察了社会分层对高等教育公平的影响.实证结果表明,优质高等教育机会的分配仍然向国家干部、企业经理等优势社会阶层的子女倾斜,社会分层扩大了高等教育的起点不公平;优势社会阶层子女在高等教育过程中处于有利地位,社会分层扩大了高等教育过程不公平,在重点本科院校中,过程不公平程度较大,而在一般本科和专科院校中,过程不公平程度较小;优势社会阶层子女更容易获得就业机会,社会分层对高等教育的结果公平有着不利影响,在重点本科院校中,这种影响较小,而在一般本科和专科院校中,这种影响较大.文章对此提出了相应的政策建议.     

Impacts of social economic status on higher education opportunity and graduate employment in China

Based on a nation-wide survey of higher education graduates, this paper analyzes the impact of family background, using paternal occupation and education as indicators, on their scores in the National College Entrance Examination, the level and type of higher education institutions they attend, their employment after graduation, and the income they receive from their first job. It has been found that there are wide disparities among students with different family backgrounds in both access to higher education and their potential employment in China nowadays. This paper also studies how those influences happen. __________ Translated from Peking University Education Review, 2005 July (3)     

Labor market conditions and college graduation: Evidence from Brazil

College students graduating in a recession have been shown to face large and persistent negative effects on their earnings, health, and other outcomes. This paper investigates whether students delay graduation to avoid these effects. Using data on the universe of students in higher education in Brazil and leveraging variation in labor market conditions across time, space, and chosen majors, the paper finds that students in public institutions delay graduation to avoid entering depressed labor markets. A typical recession causes the on-time graduation rate to fall by 6.5% in public universities and there is no effect on private institutions. The induced delaying increases average graduation by 0.11 semesters, consistent with 1 out of 18 students delaying graduation by one year in public universities. The delaying effect is larger for students with higher scores, in higher-earnings majors, and from more advantaged backgrounds. This has important implications for the distributional impact of recessions.     

高等院校分层:一种社会阶层分析的视角

在以美、英两国为代表的西方学界,学者们通过研究揭示了基于不同社会阶层存在于学生中的不公平现象:来自优势地位阶层的学生更多地聚集在院校系统的上层,而来自弱势地位阶层的学生则更多聚集在院校系统的下层。与美、英两国相比,中国社会的阶层分类虽有自身的特点,但许多学者的研究也揭示出基于社会阶层存在于学生中的不公平现象也十分明显。这表明,高等院校方层是客观存在的。     

Participation In Higher Education: Aspirations,Attainment And Social Background

ABSTRACT

The recent report of the Milburn Review into Social Mobility highlights the under-representation of young people from lower socio-economic groups in higher education and encourages universities and others to act to remedy this situation as a contribution to greater social mobility. The paper uses data from the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England to examine the relationship between social background, attainment and university participation. The results show that differences in school-level attainment associated with social background are by far the most important explanation for social background differences in university attendance. However, there remains a small proportion of the participation gap that is not accounted for by attainment. It is also the case that early intentions for higher education participation are highly predictive of actual participation. The results suggest that although there may be some scope for universities to act to improve participation by people from less advantaged backgrounds, a much more important focus of action is on improving the school-level achievement of these students.     

家庭背景对我国高等教育机会及毕业生就业的影响

本文以全国性高校毕业生调查为基础,以父亲的职业地位和受教育程度作为衡量家庭背景的指标,分析了家庭背景对子女高考成绩、就读院校、毕业去向、就业收入等的影响,发现我国不同家庭背景子女接受高等教育的机会及受教育结果均有明显差异。文章还进一步分析了这种影响发生的机制。     

中国高等教育需求中的城乡差异-人力资本与社会资本理论的视角

本文应用人力资本和社会资本理论,探讨了中国高等教育需求中的城乡差异。研究表明:在控制其他因素以后,城乡高中生对高等教育有着同样强烈的需求,但学生的城乡背景与影响高等教育需求的人力资本和社会资本因素之间存在交互作用:(1)当高等教育预期收益率较低时,农村学生比城市学生更希望接受高等教育;当高等教育预期收益率较高时,城市学生比农村学生更希望接受高等教育。(2)当家庭网络资源较少时,农村学生比城市学生更希望接受高等教育;当家庭网络资源较多时,城市学生比农村学生更希望接受高等教育。农村低社会经济地位的学生对高等教育的旺盛需求表明,接受高等教育几乎是他们改变其不利社会地位、实现流动的惟一渠道。扩大农村学生的高等教育机会,是改善城乡差异的重要手段。政府应该在教育财政和招生等方面进行制度创新以回应此类教育需求。     

What role do students’ enjoyment and perception of ability play in social disparities in subject choices at university?

Prior research has shown that students from less educated families are less likely to study both science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) subjects and arts and humanities subjects. This article used a large representative sample of university students in England to explore the relationship between students’ enjoyment, perception of ability and socio-economic disparities in subject choices. Although these attitudes differed by students’ parents’ education level, and were associated with subject choices, disparities in choices persisted when accounting for these differences. Students with less educated parents were less likely to choose arts and humanities and more likely to study social sciences, law and business, over STEM, even when their enjoyment and perception of ability in subjects were similar. Students whose parents had higher levels of education were more likely to choose STEM over arts and humanities as their enjoyment of STEM increased, suggesting different underlying processes informing student choices by social background.