规律运动干预人类衰老过程的表观遗传学机制研究进展

摘要：人类的衰老过程受DNA编码信息、表观遗传学信息和环境因素的共同调控。DNA编码信息提供了合成生命所必需蛋白质的模板或蓝图，决定着人类的生命历程和最高寿限，而表观遗传学信息则提供了何时、何地以及如何应用DNA编码信息的指令。饮食、药物、体力活动等诸多环境因素可通过改变衰老相关基因的表观遗传学修饰，进而影响基因的开启与关闭，决定着个体寿命的长短。表观遗传学不但搭建起了环境—基因之间的桥梁或中介，而且把人类的寿限与寿命密切地联系在一起。规律运动作为一种环境表观遗传调制器，可在不影响DNA编码的前提下，通过诱导表观遗传学修饰改变调控衰老相关基因的表达水平，在延缓人类衰老进程中发挥着重要作用。本文从影响人类衰老过程的表观遗传调控机制入手，对规律运动在调控衰老过程端粒相关蛋白、脑衰老、糖脂代谢和肿瘤发生发展的表观遗传学机制研究进展进行综述，其目的在于从分子遗传学水平揭示运动干预延缓衰老之谜，为倡导通过增加体力活动实现健康老龄化提供科学依据。     

Bioscience and the sociology of education: the case for biosocial education

This article makes a case for biosocial education as a field of research and as a potential framework for education practice. The article engages with sociology of education’s contemporary interests in embodiment and affect, the possibilities offered by concept studies, and uses of assemblage and complexity theory for thinking about educational phenomena. It also considers broader social science and political theory engagements with epigenetics and neuroscience. The article examines the legacy of the biology/sociology split and the risks, limits, and potentialities of degrounded collaborative trans-disciplinary biosocial research. It considers developments in biosciences that may have particular resonance and promise for education, in particular the epigenetics of care and stress and the metabolomics of diet. The article argues that sociology of education should engage with bioscience to interrogate the folding together of the social, cultural, biographical, pedagogic, political, affective, neurological, and biological in the interactive production of students and learning.     

运动对骨质影响的表观遗传机制研究进展

骨质变化除了与性别、年龄、激素水平、生活方式和机械受力等因素有关外,还与表观遗传调控途径有关。表观遗传调控的3大主要途径包括DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰及非编码RNA。在遗传-环境范畴内,运动作为外源性力学刺激,可以通过调控DNA去甲基化促成骨生成,调控组蛋白修饰维持骨稳态和非编码RNA影响骨代谢通路,这些均是运动通过表观遗传途径改善骨质健康的可能机制。梳理近年来表观遗传调控在骨组织运动医学领域的研究进展,有助于为运动健骨和防治骨质疏松等代谢性疾病提供新思路。     

Nature,nurture and neuroscience: some future directions for historians of education

Following a short introduction this article is divided into three main sections. The first provides definitions and brief histories of the nature-nurture debate and of neuroscience. The second section shows how in recent decades neuroscientific research has impacted on the debate with particular reference to our understanding of human intelligence and IQ. The third section examines findings from futurology and transhumanism. The article concludes that current developments in the neurosciences and in technology have rendered the traditional nature-nurture debate obsolete and that historians of education have a duty to engage in the shaping of possible, probable and preferable futures.     

基于MSRF的黄海漂浮浒苔与定生浒苔的甲基化差异分析

应用甲基化敏感限制性指纹技术（MSRF）,利用对DNA甲基化敏感与不敏感的限制性内切酶组合产生基因组的酶切多态性差异图谱. 发现漂浮浒苔可能在BstUI位点发生了甲基化增强的现象,推测表观遗传水平上的改变可能推动了漂浮浒苔对黄海自由漂浮生活的快速适应.     

Tour de France Champions born or made: where do we take the genetics of performance?

ABSTRACT

Cyclists in the Tour de France are endurance specialists. Twin and family studies have shown that approximately 50% of the variance in a number of performance-related phenotypes (whether measured at baseline, i.e., natural talent, or in response to training) including those important to cycling can be explained by genetic variation. Research into the specific genetic variants that are responsible has identified over 200 genes containing common genetic variants involved in the genetic predisposition to physical performance. However, typically these explain only a small portion of the variance, perhaps 1–2% and collectively they rarely explain anything approaching the 50% of the variance identified in the twin and family studies. Thus, there is a gap in our understanding of the relationship between heritability and performance. This gap may be bridged by investigation of rare variants or epigenetic variation or by altering study designs through increased collaborations to pool existing cohorts together. Initial findings from such efforts show promising results. This mini-review will touch on the genetics and epigenetics of sporting performance, how they relate to cyclists in the Tour de France and where best future efforts may be directed as well as discuss some preliminary research findings.     

Influence of the microbiota on epigenetics in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies and is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Generally, there are three categories of colorectal cancer development mechanism—genetic, epigenetic and aberrant immunological signaling pathways—all of which may be initiated by an imbalanced gut microbiota. Epigenetic modifications enable host cells to change gene expression without modifying the gene sequence. The microbiota can interact with the host genome dynamically through the interface presented by epigenetic modifications. In particular, bacterially derived short-chain fatty acids have been identified as one clear link in the interaction of the microbiota with host epigenetic pathways. This review discusses recent findings relating to the cross talk between the microbiota and epigenetic modifications in colorectal cancer.