广州市青少年职业倾向与家庭背景的关系研究

本文以广州市青少年科学素养调查为基础,以父母职业地位、受教育程度及家庭所属区域作为衡量家庭背景的指标,分析了家庭背景对子女职业倾向的影响。     

家庭背景影响子女就读高中类型的实证调查研究

文章基于对47170名学生的问卷调查,分析了不同家庭背景的学生就读高中类型的差异.结果显示:家庭职业阶层、父母受教育水平、收入、城乡居住地对子女获得优势高中的就读机会具有显著的正向影响,但各种家庭背景变量发挥的影响力不尽相同;家庭收入、父母受教育水平这两种家庭背景变量对子女就读私立高中的机会产生了显著影响,但方向不同,前者发挥的是正向促进作用,后者则是负向作用;父母受教育水平对子女入读优势高中机会发挥的影响明显大于其他家庭背景因素.这提示职业阶层位置较低但受过良好教育、拥有较多文化资本的家庭,可充分运用这种优势促使子女获取高质量的教育机会,实现下层精英的向上流动.     

家庭背景对子女受教育程度的影响

家庭背景作为社会资本的重要组成部分,有着极其丰富的内涵,对子女受教育程度也发挥着越来越重要的作用。父母职业、父母受教育程度及家庭社会资本三者相互交叉、相互融合,共同对子女受教育程度施加影响,这在一定程度上会影响到教育公平。     

教育回报率的家庭背景差异

教育回报率的家庭背景差异直接影响到个人教育决策和社会收入分配.有关教育回报率家庭背景差异的经验研究非常少,特别是来自中国的经验证据.本文提出,在传统社会走向现代社会以及经济转轨的背景下,由于劳动力市场不完善,高家庭背景子女的教育回报率仍然会高于低家庭背景子女的教育回报率.基于2008年中国综合社会调查(CGSS2008)数据库中劳动力市场样本,以父亲受教育程度、职业地位和政治面貌度量家庭背景,本文分组回归不同家庭背景子女的教育回报率,并且从更换代理变量、删除和拆分样本方面进行稳健性检验.研究最终证实了高家庭背景子女的教育回报率高于低家庭背景子女教育回报率.     

家庭背景与子女高等教育的关系

利用2002年数据,对子女的大学教育与家庭背景进行了计量回归分析,在回归中重点考察了父母收入、教育及职业对子女上大学的影响。实证研究结果表明,在中国城镇居民中,父母收入对子女上大学的机会有很大影响,这一影响比西方发达国家要大很多,说明在中国代际之间的不平等转移更为严重。同时,父母受教育情况与子女大学教育有正的显著相关关系,父亲的受教育程度对子女的影响更大。     

家庭资本对农民工随迁子女接受教育的影响探析

家庭资本对子女的受教育机会和质量有重要影响,农民工随迁子女家庭资本对儿童受教育机会的影响主要体现在家庭资本存量的影响上,即家庭所拥有的经济资本、文化资本和社会资本。本文从家庭资本的角度出发,分析了农民工随迁子女接受教育的现状,提出了改善策略。     

家庭背景对高等教育入学机会的影响

从家庭所处社会阶层、父母受教育程度、家庭收入三方面分析家庭背景对高等教育入学机会的影响,研究结果表明：不同社会阶层子女接受高等教育的机会及学校的层次、类型存在差异,基础阶层子女在一般公办本科院校和公办高职高专院校中较易获得入学机会;在公办高职高专院校中,社会阶层差异与父母受教育程度的差异均最小;当父母拥有大学本科及以上高等教育背景时,其子女进入各层次、各类型高等学校的机会均有大幅提升;家庭收入高低对子女是否进入民办性质的院校学习产生一定影响。     

家庭背景对高等教育入学机会的影响

从家庭所处社会阶层、父母受教育程度、家庭收入三方面分析家庭背景对高等教育入学机会的影响,研究结果表明:不同社会阶层子女接受高等教育的机会及学校的层次、类型存在差异,基础阶层子女在一般公办本科院校和公办高职高专院校中较易获得入学机会;在公办高职高专院校中,社会阶层差异与父母受教育程度的差异均最小;当父母拥有大学本科及以上高等教育背景时,其子女进入各层次、各类型高等学校的机会均有大幅提升;家庭收入高低对子女是否进入民办性质的院校学习产生一定影响。     

家庭背景对高等教育入学机会的影响——基于新疆的实证研究

基于对新疆8所高校1611名大学生的问卷调查,从三方面分析家庭背景对子女入学机会的影响。通过对数据的整理分析,得出如下结论:家庭所处社会阶层的不同影响其子女就读高校的层次和类型,基础阶层子女更加容易在公办性质高校获得入学机会;在高职高专院校中,入学机会受家庭背景影响最小;子女高等教育入学机会随父母学历的提高而增加;基础阶层子女的高等教育入学机会受其家庭经济因素影响。     

家庭文化资本和经济资本对家庭教育支出的影响实证研究 ——以我国东中西部10个贫困县为例

在我国即将全面脱贫的大背景下,本文基于2018年国内10个贫困县4939户家庭教育状况的实地调查数据,从家庭资本视角探析贫困地区家庭文化资本和经济资本因素对子女受基础教育不同阶段家庭教育支出的影响。研究发现：家庭文化资本和经济资本对家庭人均教育支出均有显著影响,其中家庭经济资本比文化资本的影响更大,而家庭文化资本的影响随着子女受教育阶段的提升而增大;家庭经济资本中的家庭人均收入及家庭文化资本中的父母受教育程度是影响贫困地区居民家庭在子女受基础教育各阶段家庭教育支出的两个最主要因素;在学前教育阶段,家庭人均收入和家庭教育承受度是影响贫困地区居民家庭人均教育支出的两个最主要的因素;家庭人均收入、家庭教育承受度、建档立卡户和父母教育观念等对子女就读小学阶段的家庭人均教育支出均存在显著影响,而且贫困家庭在子女就读小学阶段时额外增加的校外教育支出,使其家庭教育承受度和教育期望均明显降低;家庭人均收入和父母受教育程度是影响初中阶段家庭人均教育支出的两大显著性因素,但家庭教育承受度、建档立卡家庭、父母教育观念和父母教育期望这四个因素对家庭教育支出的影响不存在显著性差异;在高中时期,仅有家庭人均收入和父母受教育程度两个因素对家庭人均教育支出具有显著的差异性影响,而其他因素的影响不显著。本文认为,在我国全面脱贫之后,国家仍需继续加大为贫困地区尤其是贫困家庭的子女提供优质教育资源和良好教育机会的力度,而学生家长也要有意识、有目的地不断提升家庭文化资本,以切实降低家庭贫困代际传递的可能性。     

Learning ability, socioeconomic status, and student placement for undergraduate studies in Israel

Choice of institution and field of study for a bachelor’s degree in Israel was found essentially meritocratic although influenced by socioeconomic status (SES) as well. As expected, students of higher ability attend universities and those of lower apply to academic colleges. However, among students of higher ability, those of higher SES opt for prestigious professions, such as medicine and law, or natural or social sciences, while those of lower SES choose economics and management, computer science, paramedical professions, and engineering. For students of lower learning ability, the differentiating effect of SES is smaller. Those of higher SES prefer university to college, even if they have to study in a less prestigious field, such as education or the humanities. On the other hand, students of lower ability and lower SES apply to colleges for studies such as education, social sciences, computer science, economics and management, and engineering. Overall, students who master financial resources and higher cultural capital prefer more ‘theoretical’ fields in a more extended course of study, while students of lower SES assume more ‘practical’ studies, which will enable them a faster entry to paying positions on the job market.     

Widening the educational capabilities of socio‐economically disadvantaged students through a model of social and cultural capital development

Widening participation programmes aim to increase the progression of students from low socio‐economic status (SES) groups to higher education. This research proposes that the human capabilities approach is a good justice‐based framework within which to consider the social and cultural capital processes that impact upon the educational capabilities of young people from low SES groups. It presents a case study which examines the developing capability set of Irish students from a representative sample of schools participating in a university‐based widening participation outreach programme aimed at increasing social and cultural capital constructs. Qualitative analysis is presented from four schools; four student focus groups with 22 student participants, and 15 individual student interviews. Findings focus on the developing capabilities of autonomy, hope, voice and identity, as well as on the relationship between specific widening participation activities and the developing capability set. The findings highlight the development of college‐focused knowledge and how this impacts upon students’ aspiration to participate in higher education. The idea of ‘widening capability’ is discussed in relation to the potential of the capability approach to contribute an additional dimension to a mainly neoliberal policy rhetoric, which emphasises the market value of higher‐education participation. In doing so, it explores how widening participation activities can influence the widening capability set of low SES students, and its relationship with what the students deem to be ‘a life of value’.     

‘Low income doesn't mean stupid and destined for failure': challenging the deficit discourse around students from low SES backgrounds in higher education

The discourse around students from low socio-economic backgrounds often adopts a deficit conception in which these students are seen as a ‘problem’ in higher education. In light of recent figures pointing to an increase in the number and proportion of these students participating in higher education [Pitman, T. 2014. “More Students in Higher ed, But it's no more Representative.” The Conversation 28: 1–4] and an absence of evidence to support deficit thinking, this deficit discourse requires re-examination. Qualitative data from 115 interviews carried out across 6 Australian universities as part of a national study reveal that, contrary to the conception of these students as a ‘problem’, students from low SES backgrounds demonstrate high levels of determination and academic skills and that they actively seek high standards in their studies. This paper critically examines deficit conceptions of these students, drawing on findings from qualitative interviews with 89 successful students from low SES backgrounds and 26 staff members recognised as exemplary in their provision of teaching and support of students from low SES backgrounds. Drawing on these findings, this paper challenges the deficit discourse and argues for a more affirmative and nuanced conception of students from low SES backgrounds.     

School ethnic composition and aspirations of immigrant students in Belgium

This article examines the association between school ethnic composition and immigrant students’ intentions to finish high school and to move on to higher education. We used data from 1324 immigrant and 10,546 native students gathered in the school year 2004–2005 in a sample of 85 Flemish (Belgian) secondary schools. Logistic multilevel analyses (HLM6) show that students attending schools with a majority of native students (enrolling less than 20% immigrant students) were twice as likely to plan to finish high school and to plan for higher education than those attending high concentration schools (more than 50% immigrant students). These associations were due to students’ socio‐economic status (SES) and there was no difference in aspirations between high and low concentration schools after controlling for students’ SES and the SES context of the school. All else being equal, immigrant students in high concentration schools tended to aspire to finish high school and move on to higher education slightly more than those attending medium concentration schools (20–50% immigrant students). The analyses further show that these differences between high and medium concentration schools can be explained by the more optimistic culture in high concentration schools. The main conclusion is that high concentration schools are not necessarily detrimental for students’ educational aspirations.     

Raised parental expectations towards higher education and the double bind

This paper is concerned with the participation of students from low socio-economic status (SES) families and communities in Australian higher education. One means of achieving this, as purported by the Australian Government and various universities, is through the raising of family aspirations or expectations. In this paper, I explore the localised effects of raised family aspirations as they are understood within the lived experiences of some students from a low SES context. Based on the interactions in four focus groups of eight participants and five follow-up individual interviews run in a low SES school in Western Sydney, I draw broadly on the method advanced by Giorgi [1985. Phenomenology and psychological research. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press] to attend to how certain forms of high expectations communicated by parents may have a deleterious effect on student aspiration and attainment insofar as it positions the latter in a ‘double bind’. Such a situation can be inferred to significantly reduce the incentives for higher education participation.     

School socioeconomic compositional effect on shadow education participation: evidence from Japan

While shadow education, organized learning activities outside formal school, has grown greatly around the world, the relationship between formal schooling and shadow education has not been well investigated. This study is therefore intended to empirically test whether formal education’s structure (i.e. tracking) affects students’ shadow education participation by utilizing a nationally representative dataset consisting of 10th-grade students in Japan. Results of multilevel logistic regression analyses show school socioeconomic compositional and cross-level interaction effects on shadow education participation: students in high-socioeconomic status (SES) schools are more likely to seek shadow education lessons than those in schools of lower SES; and higher SES students tend to take shadow education lessons, especially when in high-SES schools. Additionally, the study finds that the school composition effect becomes relatively weak when extra lessons are free of charge, highlighting the importance of family economic capital to obtain additional learning opportunities.     

Who aspires to higher education? Axes of inequality,values of education and higher education aspirations in secondary schools in Luxembourg and the Swiss Canton of Bern

This article reports a study that investigated secondary school students’ higher education aspirations (towards university studies, ISCED 6 and above) and how these differ between student groups as well as how these are impacted by values of education. Panel data of more than 300 secondary school students in two countries, Luxembourg and Switzerland (the Swiss Canton of Bern) was analysed. Schools are structured differently in the education systems of Luxembourg and the Swiss Canton of Bern. The results of our analysis show that students in the Luxembourgish sample more often aspire to higher education than in the Swiss sample. Disparities in higher education aspirations were also more pronounced in the Luxembourgish sample, boys and students from families of low socio‐economic status (SES) were less likely to aspire to higher education. While the effects of values of education are generally scarce, stimulation in terms of anticipated enjoyment and interest derived from participation in higher education seems to have a positive effect on higher education aspirations.     

The effect of individual differences in the development of metacognitive strategy knowledge

The aim of this study was to investigate the development of metacognitive strategy knowledge (MSK) during schooling at the upper secondary education level and to examine its relation with individual student characteristics. This longitudinal study with two measurement points analyzed a sample of students in grades 10 and 11 from 19 schools preparing students for university in Switzerland. The findings showed no development of MSK within a single year of school. Individual differences appeared in the level and the change of MSK over time. Female students as well as students with higher SES displayed higher MSK than male students and students with lower SES at the first measurement point. Furthermore, SES predicted changes in MSK over time. Between learning motivation and MSK as well as self-efficacy and MSK, high correlations were found at t1. Neither learning motivation nor self-efficacy had an effect on the change of MSK over time. The results show that there is still substantial potential for MSK development at the upper secondary education level. Implications for education and further studies are discussed.     

A Study of Pupil Failures and Subject Failures in Chicago

Abstract

This study investigated teachers' sense of efficacy and biases in their decisions to refer students to special education. Teachers (N = 240) read a case study about a student with academic difficulties and judged the appropriateness of the student's regular class placement and whether they would refer the student. Teachers were randomly assigned to one of six conditions, in which student socioeconomic status (SES) and etiology of the learning problem were varied. Findings revealed that teachers who perceive themselves as ineffectual consider regular education inappropriate for underachieving students from low-SES families; teachers who believe that they are effective do not differentiate students by SES. Further, teachers referred students whose learning problems had an unspecified etiology more than those whose problems were medically or environmentally based. Thus, teachers' referral decisions appear to be biased by variables unrelated to the specific academic difficulties of the student.     

Searching for the golden model of education: cross-national analysis of math achievement

We utilised four waves of TIMSS data in addition to the information we have collected on countries’ educational systems to examine whether different degrees of standardisation, differentiation, proportion of students in private schools and governmental spending on education influence students’ math achievement, its variation and socioeconomic status (SES) gaps in math achievement. A higher level of standardisation of educational systems was associated with higher average math achievement. Greater expenditure on education (as a percentage of total government expenditure) was associated with a lower level of dispersion of math achievement and smaller SES gaps in math achievement. Wealthier countries exhibited higher average math achievement and a narrower variation. Higher income inequality (measured by the Gini index) was associated with a lower average math achievement and larger SES gaps. Further, we found that a higher level of standardisation alleviates the negative effects of differentiation in the systems with more rigid tracking.