乒乓球教学中内隐学习范式探究

外显学习和内隐学习是学生在运动技能获得中的两种方式,它们相互协同,在一定条件下相互转化。在运动技能教学中要摆正外显学习和内隐学习的关系,应高度重视学生的内隐学习潜能;使用微格教学法、念动训练和目标设置能调动学生潜在的学习积极性,有利于学生乒乓球技术的学习和促进运动技能的形成。     

乒乓球项目中内隐学习效果的探讨

采用序列学习范式的方法,引用到乒乓球运动项目,依据发球机制定了序列学习的规则知识,考察了乒乓球项目中内隐学习效应的存在性,并探讨了在乒乓球运动项目中内隐学习在不同重复概率条件下和应激条件下学习的效果。结果表明,在乒乓球运动项目中存在内隐学习;在模糊的规则条件下内隐学习的效果要好于外显学习;应激条件下,主要影响两组被试操作成绩的是非规则知识的发挥。     

内隐学习理论在高校排球教学中的应用研究

外显学习和内隐学习是学生在运动技能获得中的两种方式,它们相互协同,在一定条件下相互转化.在运动技能教学中要摆正外显学习和内隐学习的关系,应高度重视学生的内隐学习潜能;使用图示教学法、表象教学法和暗示教学法能调动学生潜在的学习积极性,有利于学生排球传球技术的学习和促进运动技能的形成.     

不同年龄青少年网球初学者类比学习与外显学习的协同效应研究

运动技能学习是内隐与外显协同学习在真实情境下表现较多的领域之一。作为一种行之有效的内隐学习方法,类比学习的研究局限于理论探讨和分离性研究,将类比学习和外显学习结合起来的研究较为鲜见。以初学者为受试,采用双因素实验设计,探讨不同年龄青少年网球初学者学习网球双手反手击球技能时类比学习与外显学习的协同效应。36名大一男生、30名初二男生被分别随机分入先外显学习后类比学习组、先类比学习后外显学习组、类比学习与外显学习交替进行组,评价各组在保持测试和迁移测试中的绩效(动作准确性、动作评分和外显知识数量)。结果表明,不同年龄青少年初学者学习网球技能时,类比学习与外显学习的最佳组合方式不同。对于大学生初学者而言,类比学习与外显学习交替进行组的绩效好于先外显学习后类比学习组和先类比学习后外显学习组;对于初中生初学者而言,先类比学习后外显学习组的绩效好于类比学习与外显学习交替进行组和先外显学习后类比学习组。这启示我们,应根据学习者的不同年龄选用不同的组合方式以获得更好的学习效果。对这一问题的探讨将为提高日常体育教学、运动训练以及全民健身指导的效率提供理论支撑,为内隐与外显的协同学习理论在运动技能学习中的实践性操作提供建设性的指导意见,进一步丰富国内、外运动技能内隐学习领域的研究成果。     

运动技能获得中的内隐学习研究进展

内隐学习和外显学习是人类学习的两种方式,它们平行发生并且相互独立,内隐学习所获得的运动技能在环境变化多样,应激条件下以及在保持的时间上都有显著的优点,结论建议我们,在运动技能的训练中应为内隐学习创造更多的条件。     

内隐与外显学习对篮球战术决策影响的初步研究

使用目前最有效的强分离程序--匹配(内隐学习)和编辑(外显学习)研究范式,抽取大二普通系学生120名,采用3×2随机设计方差分析.探讨篮球战术决策获得过程中,内隐学习与外显学习的关系及情境复杂性对内隐学习与外显学习的影响效应.结果显示:在篮球战术决策获得过程中,内隐学习和外显学习及混合学习均显示出显著的绩效,并且内隐与外显学习相结合产生了促进、协同效应.在篮球战术决策获得过程中,内隐学习和外显学习与情境复杂性发现有交互作用,即在低复杂性情境下,内隐学习优于外显学习;高复杂性情境下,外显学习优于内隐学习.作为篮球战术决策研究指标最有效、可靠的是决策正确性和决策速度,决策自信心水平作为协变量在实验中没有影响篮球战术决策.     

视障学生动作内隐学习的实验研究

分别从盲童学校和普通中学中随机抽取盲生、低视力学生、明眼学生各26人，共78人，通过测试指导语将被试分为动作内隐学习组和外显学习组。实验结果表明：视障学生的动作内隐学习进步幅度大于动作外显学习；外显学习适合于动作技能形成的初级阶段，内隐学习则适合于自动化阶段，在动作技能形成的熟练阶段，采取内隐和外显相结合的学习方式，其学习效果较好。     

内隐习得运动技能的抗应激性实验研究

以高尔夫推杆击球技能为实验对象,采用类比学习范式和双因素混合设计,通过对22名被试的研究发现:1)类比学习虽然有外显的指导语,但练习者并不能报告具体的与技能操作相关的知识,因此是一种有效的内隐学习方式;2)内隐学习和外显学习在运动技能获得进程中的效果是相当的;3)通过内隐习得的运动技能在压力条件下表现出很好的抗应激性.内隐习得运动技能的抗应激性特征为干预运动实践中的Choking现象另辟蹊径.     

内隐学习对排球运动员认知心理的影响

借鉴内隐学习的研究成果,分析比较了外显学习与内隐学习对排球运动员在技能学习方面的各自优势.充分证明了排球运动员在认知心理活动方面内隐学习有着巨大的优势,并论证了内隐学习在排球运动实践中的作用,为排球运动员心理技能训练的科学化提供了思路.     

运动技能类比学习研究

类比学习是一种新的内隐学习方法,在运动技能学习领域得到广泛应用。采用文献资料法、逻辑分析法,对运动技能类比学习的特征、机制及其与外显学习的系统效应进行探讨,发现类比学习具有抗应激性、抗干扰性、自动性,并有利于决策任务的完成,这可能是因为类比学习较少占用工作记忆资源。类比学习与外显学习相结合产生协同效应,两者的最佳组合方式受任务性质、任务难度以及初学者年龄的影响,指出当前该领域研究的局限性以及今后的研究方向。     

双任务中内隐运动技能学习对提高保持成绩的作用

本实验研究的目的是,调查在双任务条件下一个运动系列能否被不觉察地掌握,内隐学习是否比外显学习更有效地增加保持.36名实验对象被随机分为内隐学习组或外显学习组.要求所有被试通过敲击一个键盘上的F和J键,来移动计算机屏幕上的横杆,去接住一个下落的小球.一个固定的5种小球下落曲线的系列被安插在每组15次练习的中段.同时,实验参加者需要数每组练习中的所听到的嘟嘟声的数目,以作为第二项任务.在掌握该技能后的24小时进行3次保持测验.ANOVA分析发现固定小球下落曲线段的接球成绩随着练习的增加而提高,但是练习对随机段没有作用.尽管两种练习条件下,运动技能学习成绩没有差异,但内隐学习组比外显学习组在模拟接球的保持测试和第二项任务中表现较准确.这些结果显示内隐学习是一个改善运动技能长期记忆的有效手段,并且与外显学习相比,它在练习中占用较少的认知资源.     

八周非正式正念训练对大学生网球运动技能学习效果的实验研究

通过实验组和对照组的对比研究探讨非正式的正念训练对于大学生网球运动技能学习的影响。研究结果表明,经过8周的非正式正念训练,实验组被试五因素正念量表得分和舒尔特方格测试成绩优于对照组且具有显著性差异,网球技能学习的结果显示,2组被试经过8周的技能学习在动作表现方面没有显著的差异,但是动作的击球结果显示出显著性差异,实验组的有效击球和落点控制的得分优于对照组。由此可见正念训练可以提高大学生的正念水平和注意力水平,促进网球运动技能学习。     

The key to success in elite athletes? Explicit and implicit motor learning in youth elite and non-elite soccer players

In sports, fast and accurate execution of movements is required. It has been shown that implicitly learned movements might be less vulnerable than explicitly learned movements to stressful and fast changing circumstances that exist at the elite sports level. The present study provides insight in explicit and implicit motor learning in youth soccer players with different expertise levels. Twenty-seven youth elite soccer players and 25 non-elite soccer players (aged 10–12) performed a serial reaction time task (SRTT). In the SRTT, one of the sequences must be learned explicitly, the other was implicitly learned. No main effect of group was found for implicit and explicit learning on mean reaction time (MRT) and accuracy. However, for MRT, an interaction was found between learning condition, learning phase and group. Analyses showed no group effects for the explicit learning condition, but youth elite soccer players showed better learning in the implicit learning condition. In particular, during implicit motor learning youth elite soccer showed faster MRTs in the early learning phase and earlier reached asymptote performance in terms of MRT. Present findings may be important for sports because children with superior implicit learning abilities in early learning phases may be able to learn more (durable) motor skills in a shorter time period as compared to other children.     

Can anticipatory skills be learned through implicit video-based perceptual training?

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effectiveness of two video-based perceptual training approaches designed to improve the anticipatory skills of junior tennis players. Players were assigned equally to an explicit learning group, an implicit learning group, a placebo group or a control group. A progressive temporal occlusion paradigm was used to examine, before and after training, the ability of the players to predict the direction of an opponent's service in an in-vivo on-court setting. The players responded either through hitting a return stroke or making a verbal prediction of stroke direction. Results revealed that the implicit learning group, whose training required them to predict serve speed direction while viewing temporally occluded video footage of the return-of-serve scenario, significantly improved their prediction accuracy after the training intervention. However, this training effect dissipated after a 32 day unfilled retention interval. The explicit learning group, who received instructions about the specific aspects of the pre-contact service kinematics that are informative with respect to service direction, did not demonstrate any significant performance improvements after the intervention. This, together with the absence of any significant improvements for the placebo and control groups, demonstrated that the improvement observed for the implicit learning group was not a consequence of either expectancy or familiarity effects.     

体育专业与非体育专业学生内隐学习能力对比的初步研究

采用序列学习的研究范式对160名不同专业大学生的内隐学习进行了实验研究,结果表明：（1）体育专业学生的内隐学习成绩比非体育专业学生的内隐成绩好;（2）不同任务条件下,体育专业学生内隐学习成绩更稳定;（3）内隐学习存在性别差异。     

Cardiorespiratory,hormonal and haematological responses to submaximal cycling performed 2 days after eccentric or concentric exercise bouts

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effectiveness of two video-based perceptual training approaches designed to improve the anticipatory skills of junior tennis players. Players were assigned equally to an explicit learning group, an implicit learning group, a placebo group or a control group. A progressive temporal occlusion paradigm was used to examine, before and after training, the ability of the players to predict the direction of an opponent's service in an in-vivo on-court setting. The players responded either through hitting a return stroke or making a verbal prediction of stroke direction. Results revealed that the implicit learning group, whose training required them to predict serve speed direction while viewing temporally occluded video footage of the return-of-serve scenario, significantly improved their prediction accuracy after the training intervention. However, this training effect dissipated after a 32 day unfilled retention interval. The explicit learning group, who received instructions about the specific aspects of the pre-contact service kinematics that are informative with respect to service direction, did not demonstrate any significant performance improvements after the intervention. This, together with the absence of any significant improvements for the placebo and control groups, demonstrated that the improvement observed for the implicit learning group was not a consequence of either expectancy or familiarity effects.