对一种数学合作学习方式的介绍及反思

合作学习方式是一种在世界范围内广泛使用的课堂教学组织形式，不同学科的合作学习方式不同，“交换知识法”是一种毁实可行的数学合作学习方式，其特点是：（1）学生有机会在恰当的时候单独学习；（2）保证每个学生都有机会学习和教授每一类型的学习材料，“交换知识法”的工具为学习卡片，步骤分为掌握知识组和交换知识组，教师在合作学习中的作用主要有3个方面：（1）教师是合作学习环境的设计者；（2）教师在合作学习中还应该成为一名优秀的观察者；（3）教师是合作学习的评估者。     

Co-operative learning for students with difficulties in learning: a description of models and guidelines for implementation

As part of a larger study regarding the inclusion of children with disabilities in mainstream classroom settings, Ellen Murphy, of the D Clin Psych programme at NUI Galway, with Ian Grey and Rita Honan, from Trinity College, Dublin, reviewed existing literature on co-operative learning in the classroom. In this article, they identify four models of co-operative learning and specify the various components characteristic of each model. They review recent studies on co-operative learning with the aim of determining effectiveness. These studies generally indicate that co-operative learning appears to be more effective when assessed on measures of social engagement rather than academic performance. Finally, Ellen Murphy, Ian Grey and Rita Honan present their account of the factors that contribute to the successful implementation of co-operative learning for students with difficulties in learning.     

合作学习:追求多元目标的价值统一

合作学习是新课程改革倡导的一种重要学习方式。课堂教学中运用合作学习的方式应陔追求多元目标的价值统一：合作学习既是一种学习方式．也是一个教学目标,更是一种生活态度。作为一种学习方式,合作学习的教学定位是改变师生的教学行为;作为一个教学目标,合作学习的教学定位是训练学生的合作技能;作为一种生活态度,合作学习的教学定位是提升学生的学习品质。     

The effectiveness of structured co-operative teaching and learning in Greek primary school classrooms

This study focuses upon the effectiveness of structured co-operative group work on primary school students, aged between 8.5 and 9.5 years old, regarding their content knowledge, attitudes towards co-operative group work, experiential learning and open-ended curriculum as well as students' social and learning behaviour during co-operative group work. A cross-curricular educational programme was implemented within the curriculum area of environmental studies entitled ‘traffic education'. The methodology applied in this study was the experimental and the case study research designs. The findings of the present study support the view that pupils can gain benefits through structured group work co-operation in obtaining content knowledge and group work skills, as well as in developing positive attitudes towards group work, experiential learning, open-ended curriculum and the co-operation with their peers with learning difficulties (LDs). Changes in the relationships with the peers were not affected after the implementation of the educational programme.     

成人高校高职院校中外合作办学管见

近年来,随着教育工作深化改革,成人高等学校和高职院校发展中外合作办学方兴未艾。我国加入世界贸易组织以后,在更大范围、更深层次上实行对外开放的大环境下,中外合作办学将更趋活跃。针对成人高校、高职院校的中外合作办学现状、发展前景,中外合作办学对成教事业有何影响,对办学中注意哪些问题进行研究思考,很有必要。     

Collaborative learning in the Scottish curriculum for excellence: the challenges of assessment and potential of multi-touch technology

Scottish educational policy advocates the benefits of collaborative learning as a way of developing critical life skills, across the primary curriculum. In this paper, the rationale for collaborative learning, and specifically the Critical Skills (CS) approach, is considered along with an account of the perspectives of primary teachers implementing the methodology in their classroom. Based on the results of semi-structured interviews and an electronic survey, this article considers teachers’ opinion on the effectiveness of the CS approach, and highlights challenges relating to attaining, effectively retaining and analysing the evidence of impact gained via collaborative learning. It concludes that the latest technologies, including multi-touch technology, present scope to ease the challenge of assessing the collaborative process.     

信息技术教学中的分层合作学习探讨

合作学习是目前世界上许多国家都普遍采用的一种富有创意和实效的教学理论与策略体系。在充分研究合作学习理论基础上,结合新课改模式下信息技术课的教学实践,试图对分层合作学习在信息技术教学中应用的必要性、实例及效果加以分析,并对其应该注意的问题进行初步探讨。     

Structuring Dialogue with Students via Learning Tasks

We discuss a teaching approach that we believe promotes deep learning and diminishes the powerful voice of the teacher, thereby allowing students and the teacher to reason actively and inquire together in the classroom. This teaching approach is based on an integration of the concepts of dialogue and of mediation and utilizes learning tasks to structure dialogue with students during classroom meetings and outside the classroom, when students work independently. Students' experiences of this approach within the two courses reported on in the article were generally positive.     

The logic of the marketplace and the ethic of co-operation: a case study of a co-operative school

ABSTRACT

Over the previous decade, co-operative schools have emerged as a feature of, and resistance to, processes of marketisation in the English schools sector. The co-operative schools project, an education initiative of the UK co-operative movement, has been positioned as a ‘values-based alternative’ to the controversial academies programme. This paper examines the claim of the co-operative alternative and questions whether the co-operative schools project risks reproducing neoliberal values through a reliance on the ideal of the ‘self-improving school’. The discussion focuses on the evolution of one inner-city co-operative school. Through a close examination of its sociohistorical context, and with attention to the experiences of those involved, this case study explores the realities of a co-operative school striving to operate within a competitive system.     

Enhancing Teachers' Technological Knowledge and Assessment Practices to Enhance Student Learning in Technology: A Two-year Classroom Study

This paper reports on a two-year classroom investigation of primary school (Years 1–8) technology education. The first year of the project explored emerging classroom practices in technology. In the second year intervention strategies were developed to enhance teaching, learning and assessment practices. Findings from the first year revealed that assessment was often seen in terms of social and managerial aspects, such as teamwork, turn taking and co-operative skills, rather than procedural and conceptual technological aspects. Existing formative interactions with students distorted the learning away from the procedural and conceptual aspects of the subject. The second year explored the development of teachers' technological knowledge in order to enhance formative assessment practices in technology, to inform classroom practice in technology, and to enhance student learning. Intervention strategies were designed to enhance the development of procedural, conceptual, societal and technical aspects of technology for teachers and students. The results from this intervention were very positive. This paper highlights the importance of developing teacher expertise pertaining to broad concepts of technology, detailed concepts in different technological areas and general pedagogical knowledge. The findings from this research therefore have implications for thinking about teaching, learning and assessment in technology.     

大学生感知的课堂学习环境对其学习方式的影响

本研究应用对全国15所高校3013名大一学生的调查数据,探讨了大学生感知的大学数学课堂学习环境对其学习方式的影响.研究发现:(1)大学生感知的大学数学课堂学习环境就整体而言处于良好状态,但他们对其中不同维度的感知存在一定差异.(2)大学生采用的学习方式并不像传统上所假设的那样是单向度的,即要么以深层学习方式为主导,要么以表层学习方式为主导.(3)大学生感知的大学数学课堂学习环境与其采用的学习方式具有非常紧密的联系.大学课堂学习环境中"兴趣与满意度"因素是预测学生深层学习方式最重要的指标,"互助合作"因素也是比较重要的预测指标,而"难度"因素则是预测学生表层学习方式最重要的指标.鉴于此,本研究认为,大学课堂学习环境变革是转变高校教与学方式,提高高校教与学质量的一个重要突破口.     

Elementos clave para un modelo de aprendizaje basado en proyectos colaborativos online (ABPCL) en la Educación Superior

ABSTRACT

Collaborative learning is a key approach to the development of teaching and learing activities. Project-based learning (PBL) is an approach that encourages the acquisition of skills by the students promoting collaboration among them, since it requires them to solve activities for the development of a specific product. There are various experiences of using this methodology, most of them applied in primary and secondary education, and the few that refer to higher education are carried out in classroom settings. This work presents a case study based on a specific course designed for the acquisition of the digital competence that combines collaborative online learning with PBL and the results obtained from its implementation are explained. The collected data show the success of its application and validates the design presented, highlighting the key elements for fostering collaboration among students.     

邓子恢农村生产资料所有制结构理论研究

在农业社会主义改造中,对于如何处理生产资料所有权问题,邓子恢主张“主要公有,次要私有”,并以此作为农业合作经济中把握生产资料公有化程度的准则。据此,他认为所有制的形式应该多种多样,应以集体经济为主,发展多种经济形式,搞“混一色”经济,以利于农业合作化的顺利进行,利于农业生产力水平的提高。同时,他对合作社的规模也发表了很有见地的意见,提出建社规模“要适度”。这些探索虽仅是初步的,但对于建设符合中国国情的农村合作经济体制具有开创性意义。     

Teaching collaborative skills with a group leader computer tutor

This paper discusses how a group leader computer tutor may aid students in learning collaborative skills in a co-operative learning environment. However, students need to learn collaborative skills and practice using them. The group leader computer tutor discussed in this paper is designed on the principles of co-operative learning, intelligent tutoring systems and computer-supported collaborative work within an intelligent collaborative learning system (ICLS). The group leader aims to facilitate group work on the task level and to teach students how to use collaborative skills in the discussion level as students work on networked computers in the Jigsaw method of co-operative learning. The ICLS and its group leader were used by two classes at a liberal arts university. Qualitative research shows that the students' co-operative attitudes changed and academic achievement improved from pre- to post-treatment. Students, especially, used the communication skill of openness in comment type discussions. The students enjoyed working collaboratively through the ICLS and their teachers thought that the experience was valuable for them.     

Putting Co-operative Learning to Good Effect

Co-operative learning in primary schools has recently become the focus of a good deal of research and the importance of language and communication to this kind of learning has been well established. Jim Ewing and his colleagues in Dundee have been investigating the effects of co-operative learning experiences on children's attitudes and linguistic skills and here describe a study which demonstrates the clear gains to be derived from co-operative learning as a means of classroom organisation.     

再论外语教学自主学习模式——兼谈"课堂教学为轴心,课外自主学习为突破口"模式

外语教学自主学习模式中往往强调的是课堂模式方面的讨论,现以"课堂教学为轴心,课外自主学习为突破口"外语教学模式的运用,证明其模式的可行性和实效性.该模式通过对学生情感因素如兴趣、态度、动机和学习策略的调控,优化课堂教学,激发兴趣,指导并促进课外自主学习,从而提高学生学习信心,增强学习效率.     

从违反会话合作原则的特殊含义看话语的象征力量

Grice认为会话是受规则或条件限制的，人们在会话时要遵循“合作原则”。但没有详细说明人们在套话时为什么经常故意违反合作原则。其实话语的修辞性（话语的象征力量）弥补了合作原则之不足。话语不过是话语修辞者（或说话者）根据其修辞目的和语境，利用多种修辞资源对其受众表达思想或进行说服的行为而已。     

Who’s asking the questions in classrooms? Exploring teacher practice and student engagement in generating engaging and intellectually challenging questions

Student engagement that leads to enhanced learning outcomes involves three interdependent facets: behaviour, emotion and cognition. As such, learning activities that encourage deep learning and the intellectual challenging of minds should provide opportunities for reasoning and critical and creative thinking. An approach that resonates strongly with student engagement involves fostering student voice in the classroom, and the generation and utilization of students’ questions is one means of achieving this. Implicit in this approach is the need for both teachers and students to pose questions that engage and intellectually challenge thinking. In this pilot case study, eight volunteer teachers from one school chose to investigate their own practice by either focusing on their own questioning skills to foster student engagement in the classroom or, on how they could support their students to generate intellectually challenging questions that lead to increasing student voice, engagement and deeper learning in the classroom. Key findings were that who does the questioning is not an either-or dichotomy, and that significant pedagogical shifting requires a long-term focus. This shift is influenced by teachers’ commitment to using questioning as a pedagogical approach for enhancing student learning.     

再论外语教学自主学习模式——兼谈“课堂教学为轴心,课外自主学习为突破口”模式

外语教学自主学习模式中往往强调的是课堂模式方面的讨论,现以"课堂教学为轴心,课外自主学习为突破口"外语教学模式的运用,证明其模式的可行性和实效性。该模式通过对学生情感因素如兴趣、态度、动机和学习策略的调控,优化课堂教学,激发兴趣,指导并促进课外自主学习,从而提高学生学习信心,增强学习效率。