身体活动负荷对我国老年人患慢性疾病风险率的影响研究——基于对清华大学老年人群PASE问卷的流行病学调查

检验老年人身体活动是否能够降低其患慢性疾病的患病风险率,以及不同身体活动负荷对降低老年人身体活动风险率的效果.共1 010名老年人参与本研究,其中男性392名,女性618名,平均年龄66.7士7.9岁,男性平均年龄70.4±6.7岁,女性64.6±7.7岁;采用国际上经典的老年人身体活动流行病学PASE问卷对身体活动和患慢性疾病情况进行调查.结果表明,老年人参加身体活动能够有效减低其患慢性疾病的风险率,在“中”和“高”负荷身体活动组的老年人患病风险率(RR)分别是高血压疾病(0.81和0.68)、Ⅱ型糖尿病(0.92和0.77)、骨质疏松(0.91和0.86)、心脏病(0.60和0.19)、高血脂(0.93和0.77),在其他身体活动类型和患病风险率的关系上也得出了类似的结论.研究认为,积极参与身体活动的老年人相对于较少参与身体活动的老年人患高血压、糖尿病、心脏病、高血脂等疾病的风险率明显降低,参与身体活动负荷越高,患慢性疾病的风险率越低.在身体活动参与的类型上,骑自行车等与交通型的身体活动负荷参与越高,降低患病风险率的效果越好.     

体力活动运动处方对预防老年妇女冠心病易患因素作用初探

研究目的：探讨体力活动运动处方对预防65岁以上老年妇女冠心病易患因素的作用。研究方法：借鉴日本65岁以上老人行动能力和体力测定的最新方法与评价标准，对我国部分65—75岁老年妇女行动能力及体力进行测定，对体力状况不同的两组老年妇女，分别进行三个月不同体力活动方式的运动处方锻炼，并于锻炼前后对她们的身体成分、血脂含量等指标进行测试分析。研究结果：锻炼后，两组受试体重明显下降；血清甘油三脂(TG)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL—c)显著下降，虽未见胆固醇(TC)显著下降和高密度脂蛋白(HDL—c)的显著上升，但LDL—c／HDL—c和TC／HDL—c显著下降；血压下降。表明针对行动能力和体力不同的两组老年妇女所制定的两套运动处方，能有效控制老年妇女的体重，降低血压，改善血脂代谢，预防冠心病的发生。     

身体活动干预的时间成本—效果分析研究评述

当前,慢性非传染性疾病已构成全球50%的疾病负担,而身体活动不足是慢性疾病高发的重要风险因素之一,由身体活动不足导致的直接和 间接医疗费用占医疗总支出的3%左右。身体活动干预成为各国政府应对由身体活动不足引起的公共健康危机的重要手段。在社会资源有限的前 提下,政府决策者需要在多种健康发展策略中做出选择,这就需要引入效益评价工具。成本-效果分析法是从经济学、社会学角度评价不同健康政 策的重要工具,并在身体活动领域得到了广泛应用。通过梳理经典文献,从慢性疾病的经济成本、成本-效果计算办法、QALY、DALY的引入以及身 体活动干预成本-效果中的时间成本计算入手,分析了成本-效果在身体活动干预领域的运用以及存在的问题。研究认为：身体活动干预具有一定 的成本-效果,不同的干预方法产生的成本-效益具有差异性;与医疗手段相比,身体活动干预具有成本-效果优势,对身体活动干预成本-效果影响 最大的是时间成本的计算。建议,身体活动研究应建立跨学科的研究平台,在成本-效果计算中应引入“偏好”系数和折现率,在横向比较过程中应 计算不同货币的汇率水平。     

英国、新西兰对5岁以下儿童身体活动的建议及其启示

采用文献资料法等对英国和新西兰两国关于5岁以下儿童身体活动的建议进行对比,研究认为两国对5岁以下儿童身体活动的建议均按照婴幼儿身体生长发育规律和动作发展规律进行安排,并且强调成年人的引导互动、婴幼儿身体活动的环境安全及与年龄相适应的身体活动方式、方法和强度。结果显示：对5岁以下儿童给出身体活动建议时,新西兰在整体上对该年龄群体进行了细分,提出的建议更有针对性且更加具体。     

城市建筑环境对居民身体活动的影响及欧盟采取的应对措施

身体活动不足会导致多种慢性非传染性疾病,走路和单车出行作为现在城镇居民身体活动的主要形式,受到城市建筑环境的影响,在世界范围内呈现下降趋势。对城市建筑环境怎样影响身体活动,以及对欧盟国家采取的应对措施和方法进行归纳分析,可以为我国面临的城市化过程中所产生的健康问题,提供方法学和理论上的参考。     

太极拳与中老年人健康的调查分析

文章运用体育测量法和问卷调查法,对随机样本中从事和不从事太极拳锻炼的中老年人从身体形态,身体机能,肌肉力量,柔韧性,灵活性和慢性疾病患病率等方面进行调查研究,了解太极拳与老年人健康的关系。结果显示：太极拳不但能推迟衰老,焕发青春,增强体质,延年益寿,对慢性疾病有预防和治疗作用,为进一步研究太极拳与老年人健康问题奠定基础。     

成人每周中等强度休闲性身体活动推荐量研究

目的 并非所有类型身体活动都益于个体健康,休闲性身体活动(LTPA)更能代表个人“主动运动”习惯且与个体健康关联程度更高,本研究通过LTPA为切入点,探究成人最佳LTPA推荐量。方法 对507名成年人进行LTPA调查及生理生化指标测试,使用偏相关分析、ROC分析、二元Logistic回归模型对数据进行统计。结果：1)控制年龄、性别、工作性身体活动、交通性身体活动、家务性身体活动后,LTPA与腰围、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)呈负相关效应,与总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)呈正相关效应;2)控制混杂因素后,ROC分析结果显示预防高血糖LTPA要达到111min/w、预防肥胖要达到119min/w、预防高血压要达到107min/w、预防TG升高要达到119min/w、预防代谢综合征要达到107min/w; 3)在调整混杂因素后,119min/wLTPA建立的回归模型拟合程度极好(Hosmer-Lemeshow检验2=2.712,P=0.951),满足119min/w推荐量后本受试者身体质量指数(BMI)、腰围、空腹血糖(FPG...     

运动对预防疾病、延长寿命及降低死亡率的量化研究

适当运动可以促进健康、预防疾病、提高生命质量并达到延年益寿的目的。但是,运动(或称身体活动)到底对疾病预防、延长寿命有多大作用?多少运动量可以达到上述目标?一直以来都缺少具体的量化实证研究。近两年发表在国际顶级医学期刊Lancet(IF:39.06)上的两篇文章及其相关评论给了我们提示[1,2,4]。为了量化运动不足对非传染性疾病(主要指世界卫生组织强调的威胁全球健康的冠心病、II型糖尿病和癌症:尤其是乳腺癌和结肠癌)发生率的影响,哈佛大学公共卫生学院的Lee,I-Min教授及其团队[1]对不同国家的主要非传染性疾病发生率进行保守假     

太极拳与全民健身之研究

笔者从慢性疾病患病率,体格发育、肌肉力量、身体机能、反应速度、视力和柔韧性等方面,对从事和不从事太极拳锻炼的中、老年人,进行了询问、检测和研究.结果表明,以上诸方面均是练拳组好于对照组.不但证明了大极拳对慢性疾病的预防和治疗作用,也证明了太极拳对推迟衰老、焕发青春、增强体质和延年益寿的作用.     

基于知识图谱的国外儿童青少年身体活动研究可视化分析

文章以web of science^TM核心合集数据库中收录的2017年到2020年间以儿童青少年身体活动为主题的文献信息为研究数据来源,运用文献资料法和Cite Space知识图谱分析国外儿童青少年身体活动研究外部特征和基本情况,解析当前儿童青少年身体活动研究的经典引文,揭示研究热点。国外儿童青少年身体活动的研究呈现出跨众多学科且多领域之间相互交叉的态势;研究来源期刊种类丰富多样,涉及学科领域广泛;美国和澳大利亚虽发文量最多,中心性较低;英格兰、新加坡和南非其研究影响力较高;大学是该研究领域的核心机构;儿童青少年的体质和健康问题,锻炼对儿童体质和健康的干预尤其是对肥胖儿童青少年体质健康干预与慢性病方面研究是国际上关注的焦点;身体活动水平对非传染性疾病的预防方案的制定和实施、儿童和青少年身体活动准则的制定、儿童青少年久坐行为与多项身体以及心理健康指标之间的关系等研究构成了该领域的经典被引文献。     

高原地区人群体质监测结果及研究

依据《2 0 0 0年全国国民体质监测手册》的规定 ,在青海省的 1 0个州 (市 )、县进行了幼儿( 3～ 6岁 )、成年人 ( 2 0～ 5 9岁 )、老年人 ( 6 0～ 6 9岁 ) 3个不同年龄段人群的体质测试。结果表明 :城市 3个不同年龄段人群的体质好于农村 3个年龄段不同人群 ;青海省成年人和老年人因疾病住院治疗的比率排序位为 :消化系统疾病 >意外伤 >呼吸系统疾病 >心血管疾病 ;成年人体育健身意识薄弱 ,参加体育锻炼的人比率小 ;成年人吸烟人数比率高 ,达到 2 7.4 % ,并在 3 9岁之前吸烟人数呈增长趋势     

人口老龄化与体育活动

为了提高老年群体的健康水平以应对人口老龄化,采用文献资料法论述了体育活动与老年人健康的关系,提出了增加老年人体育活动水平的对策：加大健康教育宣传力度,帮助老年人建立体育生活方式、依托社区开展体育活动,帮助老年人在社区形成健康的行为、加强老年健身的科学指导和研究、制定有利于体育活动的公共政策,为老年人健身提供政策和环境的支持。     

The ABC of Physical Activity for Health: A consensus statement from the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences

Absract

Our understanding of the relationship between physical activity and health is constantly evolving. Therefore, the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences convened a panel of experts to review the literature and produce guidelines that health professionals might use. In the ABC of Physical Activity for Health, A is for All healthy adults, B is for Beginners, and C is for Conditioned individuals. All healthy adults aged 18–65 years should aim to take part in at least 150 min of moderate-intensity aerobic activity each week, or at least 75 min of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per week, or equivalent combinations of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activities. Moderate-intensity activities are those in which heart rate and breathing are raised, but it is possible to speak comfortably. Vigorous-intensity activities are those in which heart rate is higher, breathing is heavier, and conversation is harder. Aerobic activities should be undertaken in bouts of at least 10 min and, ideally, should be performed on five or more days a week. All healthy adults should also perform muscle-strengthening activities on two or more days a week. Weight training, circuit classes, yoga, and other muscle-strengthening activities offer additional health benefits and may help older adults to maintain physical independence. Beginners should work steadily towards meeting the physical activity levels recommended for all healthy adults. Even small increases in activity will bring some health benefits in the early stages and it is important to set achievable goals that provide success, build confidence, and increase motivation. For example, a beginner might be asked to walk an extra 10 min every other day for several weeks to slowly reach the recommended levels of activity for all healthy adults. It is also critical that beginners find activities they enjoy and gain support in becoming more active from family and friends. Conditioned individuals who have met the physical activity levels recommended for all healthy adults for at least 6 months may obtain additional health benefits by engaging in 300 min or more of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week, or 150 min or more of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity each week, or equivalent combinations of moderate- and vigorous-intensity aerobic activities. Adults who find it difficult to maintain a normal weight and adults with increased risk of cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes may in particular benefit from going beyond the levels of activity recommended for all healthy adults and gradually progressing towards meeting the recommendations for conditioned individuals. Physical activity is beneficial to health with or without weight loss, but adults who find it difficult to maintain a normal weight should probably be encouraged to reduce energy intake and minimize time spent in sedentary behaviours to prevent further weight gain. Children and young people aged 5–16 years should accumulate at least 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per day, including vigorous-intensity aerobic activities that improve bone density and muscle strength.     

Adolescent physical fitness and activity as predictors of adulthood activity

A 25-year population-based study was conducted to determine how physical fitness and participation in leisure-time physical activity in adolescence (age 12-18 years) predict leisure-time physical activity in adulthood (age 37-43 years). In 1976, five field tests were conducted to measure muscular fitness, agility and aerobic capacity, and self-report weekly frequencies of activity were obtained by questionnaire. A modified questionnaire was repeated in 2001, when participants were age 37-43 years (N = 1525). On the basis of the questionnaire, a physical activity index was calculated both in 1976 and 2001. The odds ratios (OR) for being inactive in adulthood among those who were physically very active in adolescence compared with those who were inactive in adolescence was 0.13 for males (95%CI: 0.06-0.31) and 0.28 for females (95%CI: 0.13-0.59). The odds ratio for adult inactivity among males in the highest versus lowest fitness group in adolescence was 0.24 (95%CI: 0.07-0.81). Activity in adolescence predicted activity in adulthood in both males and females. The risk for adult inactivity was significantly lower for those who were physically active in adolescence. In addition, high fitness predicted adult activity among males but not among females.     

Physical activity and its relationship with COVID-19 cases and deaths: Analysis of U.S. counties

PurposeThe study was to examine county-level associations of physical activity with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths, per 100,000 county residents.MethodsData were collected from publicly available data sources for 3142 counties and equivalents, including the District of Columbia. Subjective health ratings, percentage uninsured, percentage unemployed, median household income, percentage female residents, percentage White residents, percentage of residents 65 years of age or older, and rural designation served as controls.ResultsThe two-level random intercept regression showed that physical activity rates at the county level were statistically and negatively associated with COVID-19 cases and deaths. Additional analyses showed that physical activity rates moderated the relationship between cases and deaths, such that the relationship was strongest when physical activity rates were low.ConclusionThe results presented here offer empirical evidence of the benefits of county-level physical activity during a pandemic. Implications for public health and physical activity provision are discussed.     

What is really causing the obesity epidemic? A review of reviews in children and adults

Obesity prevention is a public health priority and intervention strategies have focused primarily on healthy eating and physical activity in children and adults. To date, no review has systematically compiled and synthesised the scientific evidence from published review articles to determine whether there is clear consensus on the causes of obesity. A systematic review of the literature was conducted searching PubMed/Medline for narrative and systematic review articles published between January 1990 and October 2014 that examined the causes of obesity. In total, 12 of 65 articles met the inclusion criteria; 7 reviews focused on adults (1 systematic, 6 narrative) and 5 reviews on children (2 systematic, 3 narrative). The most popular cause of obesity identified in reviews of adult studies was “combined physical activity and diet” (3 of 7 studies), whereas the most popular cause specified in reviews of child studies was deemed “inconclusive” (2 of 5 studies). While a number of reviews have examined the causes of obesity, the methodology and conclusions varied widely, and few were conducted systematically. Currently, no consensus exists across published literature reviews regarding the primary cause of the obesity epidemic, and more research, particularly prospective studies using state-of-the-art measures, is warranted.     

Assessing free-living physical activity using accelerometry: Practical issues for researchers and practitioners

Abstract

Physical activity is an integral component of a healthy lifestyle, with relationships documented between physical activity, chronic diseases, and disease risk factors. There is increasing concern that many people are not sufficiently active to benefit their health. Consequently, there is a need to determine the prevalence of physical activity engagement, identify active and inactive segments of the population, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. The aim of the present study was to identify and explain a number of methodological and decision-making processes associated with accelerometry, which is the most commonly used objective measure of physical activity in child and adult research. Specifically, this review addresses: (a) pre-data collection decisions, (b) data collection procedures, (c) processing of accelerometer data, and (d) outcome variables in relation to the research questions posed. An appraisal of the literature is provided to help researchers and practitioners begin field-based research, with recommendations offered for best practice. In addition, issues that require further investigation are identified and discussed to inform researchers and practitioners of the surrounding debates. Overall, the review is intended as a starting point for field-based physical activity research using accelerometers and as an introduction to key issues that should be considered and are likely to be encountered at this time.     

社会学因素对厦门市成年人体力活动量的影响研究

为了探究社会学因素对厦门市成年人体力活动量的影响,本研究通过分析部分社会学因素与厦门市居民(20岁以上)体力活动量之间的关系。以问卷调查的方式对厦门市成年人进行调查,采用回归分析影响成年人体力活动量因素。研究发现,吸烟和体力活动总量有相关性(95%CI=154.456-670.823,p<0.01);一周参加锻炼的频率和体力活动总量有相关性(95%CI=270.509-425.480,p<0.01);参加锻炼的主要形式与体力活动总量有相关性(95%CI=-364.411--45.857,p<0.05);其他因素对成年人参加体力活动无显著影响,P>0.05。建议在进行运动干预的时候,应该注意吸烟?参加锻炼的频率以及参加锻炼的主要形式的影响。     

The physical activity,fitness and health of children

It is clear that, despite their natural tendencies, children have become less physically active in recent decades, with children today expending approximately 600 kcal· day -1 less than their counterparts 50 years ago. Although the health consequences of a reduced energy expenditure in adults is well documented, there is little direct evidence linking sedentariness with health in children. However, three main benefits arising from adequate childhood physical activity have been postulated. The first is direct improvements in childhood health status; evidence is accumulating that more active children generally display healthier cardiovascular profiles, are leaner and develop higher peak bone masses than their less active counterparts. Secondly, there is a biological carryover effect into adulthood, whereby improved adult health status results from childhood physical activity. In particular, childhood obesity may be a precursor for a range of adverse health effects in adulthood, while higher bone masses in young people reduce the risk of osteoporosis in old age. Finally, there may be a behavioural carryover into adulthood, whereby active children are more likely to become more active (healthy) adults. However, supporting evidence for this assertion is weak. Given this background, recent health guidelines suggesting that children should accumulate 60 min of moderate-intensity physical activity every day - supplemented by regular activities that promote strength flexibility and bone strength - appear to be justified. Future developments should include the implementation of large-scale, longitudinal studies spanning childhood and young adulthood, the further refinement of tools for measuring physical activity accurately in young people, and research into the relative strength of association between fitness - as well as activity - and health in children.