运动干预促进儿童粗大动作发展效果的Meta分析

目的以Meta分析方法检验儿童粗大动作发展运动干预效果,以提出更佳的运动方案。方法对纳入的10篇文献进行Meta分析及方法学检验。结果 1)运动干预对儿童移动动作(MD=3.57,p<0.001)与物体控制动作(MD=4.13,p<0.001)影响的效应量均具有统计学意义。2)与运动干预促进移动动作发展的整体效应结果(I2=69%,p<0.0001)相比,儿童年龄、干预内容、干预时间、干预频率、干预周期以及文献质量亚组的异质性明显降低。3)与运动干预促进物体控制动作的整体效应结果(I2=97%,p<0.0001)相比,儿童年龄、干预内容、干预时间、干预频率以及干预周期亚组的异质性降低。结论 1)早期的运动干预能有效改善儿童的粗大动作发展。2)功能性动作训练对移动动作发展表现出明显的优势;身体活动干预对物体控制动作的促进效果更佳。3)30～60min、12～24周的方案对儿童粗大动作发展促进效果最显著;干预频率3～5次/周对儿童物体控制动作发展的促进效果更突出。     

约束模型视角下幼儿基本动作技能发展的教学干预研究--以山东省潍坊市一农村幼儿园学前儿童为例

目的:初步探索农村地区学前儿童基本动作发展情况,以Newell的约束模型(constraints model)为理论基础,为学前儿童设计发展适宜性的身体活动,并检验为期8周的体育教学活动对幼儿基本动作发展的影响。方法:以山东省潍坊市某农村幼儿园学前儿童(n=109)为研究对象,以班为单位随机分配到实验组(n=54)和对照组(n=55)。实验组儿童参与为期8周的动作技能发展课程,对照组儿童参与幼儿园正常的教学活动。课程开始前和结束后一周内,采用TGMD-2对受试儿童进行测试。结果:1)研究中农村儿童的移动技能和物体控制技能的基线均显著低于TGMD-2的常模。2)经8周基本动作教学,实验组的后测GMQ显著高于对照组(P<0.001),对照组的GMQ在实验前后没有显著差异(P=0.087)。3)性别对教学干预无显著影响(P=0.703);实验组的后测移动技能和物体控制技能得分均显著高于对照组的后测成绩(P<0.001)。结论:研究中农村幼儿的基本动作发展相对滞后,物体控制技能发展水平低下是主要来源;为期8周的基本动作教学活动能够有效地促进农村学前儿童基本动作技能的发展。     

3～10岁儿童基本动作技能发展比较研究

儿童是形成并发展多种基本动作技能的关键期.运用美国大肌肉动作发展测试第二版(TGMD-2)对我国山东省济南市随机抽取的1 046名3～10岁的儿童(平均6.6±2.07岁)进行测试,将结果与美国常模进行对比,同时结合香港和巴西儿童基本动作技能发展情况进行比较研究.结果显示:济南市3～10岁儿童的移动和控制物体能力随着年龄的增长逐步提高,且移动能力的发展要好于物体控制能力的发展;位移动作中,跑、立定跳远、侧滑步和跨跳的表现较好,而单脚跳表现相对较差;物体控制动作中,踢球动作表现较好,原地拍球和上手投球的表现较差;位移动作技能发展整体上要好于美国儿童,只是达到优秀水平的儿童较少;物体控制动作发展水平达到优秀的极少,大部分处于平均及以下的水平,发展出现迟缓的儿童达到了62.33％;整体上儿童基本动作技能发展优秀的太少(0.9％),处于平均水平的儿童相对较多(58.59％),而发展滞后(处于平均水平之下)的人数也相对较多(38.05％).     

有氧运动对超重/肥胖儿童、青少年血糖和胰岛素影响的Meta分析

目的:评价有氧运动对超重/肥胖儿童、青少年血糖和胰岛素的影响.方法:检索MEDLINE、CNKI、万方等数据库,获得有氧运动干预对超重/肥胖儿童、青少年血糖和胰岛素影响的中、英文随机对照试验文献,并进行文献质量评价,使用Stata1 2.0进行Meta分析.结果:16篇文献纳入Meta分析.(1)运动组血糖降低程度显著大于对照组;(2)运动组血胰岛素降低程度显著大于对照组;(3)亚组分析显示:有氧运动干预的总运动时间≥12周显著降低血糖;(4) Beggg检验结果显示:12篇有氧运动影响血糖和12篇有氧运动影响血胰岛素的文献均无显著发表偏倚;漏斗图对称性较好.结论:有氧运动能够显著降低超重/肥胖儿童、青少年血糖和胰岛素水平,当总运动时间(周数)≥12周,有氧运动降低血糖的效应显现.     

中国3～10岁儿童基本运动技能发展现状的横断面研究

目的 探析我国儿童基本运动技能发展等级、熟练程度与动作成分表现的现状，为儿童动作发展评估监测与运动干预提供参考。方法 选取我国东、中、西部14省市的11 480名3～10岁儿童进行基本运动技能测评，对其发展等级、掌握程度以及动作成分表现等进行定性分析与定量比较。结果 (1)中国儿童基本运动技能水平出现发展迟缓现象；(2)中国儿童基本运动技能熟练度普遍低于60%;(3)中国儿童基本运动技能动作成分失败率偏高；(4)中国儿童移动技能与操控技能发展失衡。结论 (1)中国儿童基本运动技能熟练度水平明显偏低，并出现发展迟缓现象，这可能与身体活动水平不足潜在减少基本运动技能的习得机会有关；(2)中国儿童由于上下肢配合、肢体双侧协调以及肌肉骨骼发育薄弱，从而导致基本运动技能关键动作成分发育受阻，难以突破动作发展“熟练度障碍”的束缚；(3)中国儿童操控技能发展迟缓明显，导致移动技能与操控技能发展失衡，并成为影响个体青少年时期体育参与的重要因素。     

学龄前儿童运动表现与其认知成熟度和社会人口学方面的关系研究

目的：探讨学龄前儿童运动表现与其认知成熟度和社会人口学方面的关系,识别导致学龄前儿童低运动能力的基本因素并提出相应干预措施,进而增强运动表现,促进身心健康发展。方法：采用心理成熟度量表、儿童运动能力评估测试(MABC-2)和社会人口学数据表对424名3到6岁的学龄前儿童进行调查。运用Kolmogorov-Smirnov单样本检验、Friedma(Wilcoxon)和二元Logistic回归对收集的数据进行统计分析。结果：高认知成熟度和低运动能力之间有显著的关联(OR=0.513,95%IC=[0.266–1.000]),表明高认知成熟度是低运动能力的一种保护因素;社会人口学因素没有显示出对儿童运动表现的干预作用。结论：学龄前儿童的高认知成熟度是低运动能力的保护因素,而家庭的社会人口学因素与学龄前儿童的运动表现和认知成熟度没有关系。     

大肌肉群发展测试(TGMD-2)研究

主要阐述了人类动作发展 ,尤其是大肌肉群动作技能测试 (TGMD 2 )的主要内容及其重要作用。大肌肉群动作技能测试由位移运动和物体控制运动两部分组成 ,共包含 12个动作。其测试结果可以作为 :1)识别和确认那些在大肌肉群运动技巧发展方面明显落后于同龄人的孩子 ;2 )用以为发展运动技能而制定可行性计划 ;3)用来评估个人在大肌肉群发展方面的进程 ;4 )用以评估大肌肉群运动计划的成功与否 ;5 )为涉及大肌肉群发展的研究提供测量工作     

基于成分数据分析的24h活动与儿童基本动作技能的关系

采用成分数据分析方法探究儿童24 h活动与基本动作技能的关系，以及24 h活动时间之间重新分配与基本动作技能的“剂量-效应”特征。对浙江省金华市327名6～10岁儿童展开横断面调查，采用加速度计测量24 h活动，采用大肌肉动作发展测试第3版测量FMS，运用成分数据分析方法分析24 h活动时间占比、重新分配与基本动作技能的关系。结果显示：(1)控制年龄、性别和身体质量指数后，中高强度身体活动时间占比与儿童的FMS显著正相关(β=4.155,P<0.01)，久坐行为时间占比与FMS显著负相关(β=-6.926,P<0.01)，睡眠和低强度身体活动时间占比与FMS均无显著相关。(2)MVPA替代其他行为(LPA、SED、睡眠)可显著提升儿童FMS水平，反之则降低，且两者之间的相互替代具有不对称性；睡眠替代SED也会提升FMS水平，反之则降低；在所有替代中，MVPA替代SED对FMS的促进效应最佳。(3)睡眠时间占比以及与MVPA之间的相互替代与操控技能正相关，与位移技能无显著性相关；同时，MVPA与其他行为之间的相互替代对于操控技能的影响均高于位移技能。研究认为：学校与家庭应关注...     

基于加速度计测量的中国学龄前儿童体力活动和久坐行为的系统评价

目的 系统评价应用加速度计测量的中国学龄前儿童体力活动和久坐行为。方法 检索PubMed、Web of Science、中国知网、万方数据库,搜集测量学龄前儿童体力活动和久坐行为的相关横断面研究,检索时限为1998年至2022年4月。由2名评审者独立进行文献筛选、资料提取及质量评价工作后,采用Stata 16.0软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入23项研究,涵盖中国16个市区4449名学龄前儿童。Meta分析结果显示：中国学龄前儿童日总体力活动时间占比24.4%(190.3min/d, 95%CI:158.9～221.6),日中高强度体力活动时间占比8.2%(63.6min/d, 95%CI:53.6～73.6),日久坐时间占比67.2%(523.9min/d, 95%CI:478.6～569.2)。亚组分析结果表明,女童总体力活动及中高强度体力活动时间均低于男童,而久坐时间高于男童;随年龄增长,儿童中高强度体力活动及久坐时间明显增加,总体力活动时间无变化。结论 中国学龄前儿童体力活动水平总体满足现有指南标准,但久坐行为仍然严重。女童体力活动水平尚未达到指南推荐量。     

轻度智障儿童基本运动技能与体力活动水平的关系

目的调查轻度智障儿童基本运动技能(FMS)与体力活动水平,探讨二者之间的关系,为该群体运动参与能力的提升及其健康促进提供指导思路。方法选取上海市65名轻度智障儿童作为调查对象,运用TGMD-2和ActiGraph GT3X+三轴加速度传感器分别对其FMS及体力活动水平进行测量和评价,对相关数据进行统计分析。结果轻度智障儿童FMS平均总得分为(67.82±7.31)分,其中位移技能得分显著高于物理控制技能(P<0.01),男生位移技能得分显著高于女生(P<0.05),但物体控制技能无显著性别差异(P>0.05)。15.6%的轻度智障儿童能满足每天60 min中高强度体力活动(MVPA)推荐量,男生平均每天MVPA时间显著高于女生(P<0.01),周末日体力活动时间显著高于上学日(P<0.01)。总体上轻度智障儿童的低强度体力活动(LPA)、MVPA和总体力活动(TPA)时间与FMS得分均呈正相关(r=0.351~0.547,P<0.05)。FMS得分对轻度智障儿童平均每天MVPA时间、TPA时间具有解释意义(R^2=0.381,P<0.01;R^2=0.409,P<0.01)。位移技能是解释每天MVPA时间的唯一变量(β=0.490,P<0.01)。结论轻度智障儿童的FMS发展与体力活动水平整体呈正相关关系,基于该群体技能发展层面的体力活动促进是该领域相关研究的重要方向。     

动作发展视域下幼儿足球促进粗大动作发展水平研究

探讨幼儿足球对幼儿粗大动作发展水平的影响,为干预幼儿粗大动作发展提供依据。选取嘉兴市108名5~6岁幼儿为受试对象,以班级为单位随机分为干预组与对照组。干预组进行12周幼儿足球游戏活动教学,2次*40min/周;对照组幼儿为静态性的课堂班级活动。干预前后采用PGMQS测量幼儿位移能力、操控能力及平衡能力。采用独立样本t检验、配对样本t检验及协方差分析两组幼儿前后测结果的差异性。结果显示:①干预前,两组幼儿粗大动作发展水平无显著性差异(P>0.05);干预后,两组幼儿粗大动作发展水平存在显著性差异(P<0.05),干预组高于对照组。②干预组和对照组幼儿后测结果与前测结果间均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),后测结果高于前测。研究结果表明幼儿粗大动作发展存在延长效应,但结构化幼儿足球游戏活动明显提高了幼儿粗大动作发展水平。因此建议抓牢幼儿早期动作发展的敏感期,以动作发展为主线科学设计幼儿足球游戏活动并保证活动的顺利开展,为幼儿健康、全面发展奠定良好的基础。     

Improvements in fundamental movement skill competency mediate the effect of the SCORES intervention on physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in children

Numerous studies have identified a positive association between fundamental movement skill (FMS) competency and physical activity in children; however, the causal pathways have not been established. The aim of this study is to determine if changes in FMS competency mediated the effect of the Supporting Children’s Outcomes using Rewards, Exercise and Skills (SCORES) intervention on physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in children. Eight primary schools (25 classes) and 460 children (aged 8.5 ± 0.6, 54% girls) were randomised to the SCORES intervention or control group for the 12-month study. The outcomes were accelerometer-determined moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and cardiorespiratory fitness. The hypothesised mediators were actual FMS competency and perceived sport competence. Mediation analyses were conducted using multilevel linear analysis in MPlus. From the original sample, 138 (30.0%) and 370 (80.4%) children provided useable physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness data at post-test assessments. There were significant treatment effects for locomotor skills and overall FMSs. Changes in MVPA were associated with changes in object-control skills, overall FMSs and perceived competence. The overall FMSs had a significant mediating effect on MVPA (AB = 2.09, CI = 0.01–4.55). Overall FMSs (AB = 1.19, CI = 0.002–2.79) and locomotor skills (AB = 0.74, CI = 0.01–1.69) had a significant mediating effect on cardiorespiratory fitness. The results of this study conclude that actual but not perceived movement skill competency mediated the effect of the SCORES intervention on physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness.     

Fundamental movement skills and weight status in British primary school children

Abstract

Weight status has been shown to have a negative impact on children's competence in performing fundamental movement skills (FMSs). Following ethics approval and informed consent, 281 children in years 2–6 from a school in central England volunteered to participate. Each child performed eight FMSs (run, hop, gallop, jump, balance, kick, throw and catch) three times, all attempts were video-recorded. Video analysis was performed (Quintic Biomechanics software) using the Process Orient Checklist (subjective measurement). Height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI) and weight status was determined. Results highlighted that year group (age) had a significant effect on seven out of the eight skills (not kick). Year 4 (aged 8–9 years) significantly scored lower in all three locomotor skills (run, hop and gallop) at this age, whereas Year 5 (aged 9–10 years) all significantly peaked at the object control skills (catch and throw) at this age. Weight status (BMI) significantly affected the run, identifying that a child with a larger BMI will have a lower mastery level of the run. Gender significantly affected the kick, throw and balance, with girls outperforming in the balance and the boys in the kick and throw. By highlighting that children at different ages will have a lower score in different skills, the effect of BMI and gender on certain FMS is important knowledge for the target of intervention in primary school children.     

The Impact of Gymnastics on Children’s Physical Self-Concept and Movement Skill Development in Primary Schools

This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week gymnastics curriculum on children’s movement competence and their physical self-concept. There were 113 children (46% girls, 49% intervention) with a mean age of 9.4 years (SD = 1.8) that participated. Intervention children underwent 8 weeks of gymnastics and the comparison group continued with their standard curriculum. Age was a significant co-variate, a separate analysis was conducted on the lower (grades 2 and 4) and upper (grade 6) groups. The lower age group showed significant improvement in favor of the gymnastic group in fundamental movement skills. The upper age group showed a significant improvement for the control group in general body coordination and fundamental movement skills. For all grades, the physical self-concept showed a significant main effect in favor of the gymnastics group. The gymnastics intervention was found to be of particular benefit for developing children’s movement competence and physical self-concept in younger children.     

Who SKIPS? Using Temperament to Explain Differential Outcomes of a Motor Competence Intervention for Preschoolers

Purpose: Although motor skill interventions often improve fundamental motor skills (FMS) during preschool, the extent of individual children’s success in development of FMS still varies among children receiving the same intervention. Temperament is multifaceted and includes negative affect (high levels of frustration or anger), effortful control (focus, self-regulation, and concentration), and surgency (energy and activity level). Temperament often influences cognitive, social, and behavioral outcomes and may be a significant factor in the development of FMS. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of temperament on children’s improvement in FMS within a gross motor intervention. Method: Participants (N = 80; M_age = 55.36 months, SD = 6.99 months) completed the Test of Gross Motor Development-Second Edition prior to and after intervention. Teachers completed the Child Behavior Questionnaire-Very Short Form to examine each child’s temperament. To account for possibility of a Type 1 error, we conducted 6 separate 2 (temperament variable: high, low) × 2 (treatment: intervention, control) analyses of covariance and examined posttest scores for locomotor and object-control skills with pretest scores as covariates among participants with high and low surgency, negative affect, and effortful control. Results: Results revealed children with low levels of negative affect and surgency and high levels of effortful control demonstrated greater gains (η_p² = .05–.34) in both locomotor and object-control skills during motor skill intervention compared with their peers. Conclusion: Providing interventions tailored to temperamental profiles could maximize gains in FMS through intervention.     

Relationships between body composition and fundamental movement skills among children and adolescents

The purpose of this study was to examine associations of fundamental movement skills (FMS) with measures of body composition among children and adolescents. Secondary analyses of cross-sectional data collected from 4,363 children and adolescents in Grades 4, 6, 8, and 10 as part of the 1997 New South Wales Schools Fitness and Physical Activity Survey were conducted. Six FMS (run, vertical jump, throw, catch, kick, and strike) were assessed by observation. Height and weight (used to calculate body mass index; BMI) and waist circumference were directly measured. Results indicated that the children's and adolescents' ability to perform FMS was significantly related to BMI and waist circumference. Specifically, BMI and waist circumference were significant predictors for FMS in six of the eight demographic groups. Adjusted odds ratios revealed that overweight boys and girls in all grades were less likely to possess high levels of FMS and more likely to possess low levels of FMS than those who weren't overweight. When FMS were partitioned into locomotor and object-control skills, nonoverweight boys and girls in each grade were two to three times more likely to possess more advanced locomotor skills than overweight boys and girls. However, for object-control skills, the only demographic groups in which nonoverweight students possessed a greater number of advanced skills than overweight students were boys in Grades 6 and 10. There appear to be significant and important associations between performance of locomotor skills and weight status among children and adolescents. This would suggest that intervention strategies to prevent unhealthy weight gain among children and youth might usefully include increasing proficiency of locomotor skills as a key component.     

Fundamental movement skill performance of preschool children in relation to family context

Evidence suggests the development of fundamental movement skill (FMS) is a key factor in promoting long-term physical activity. Low levels of activity among preschool children and the relationship between physical activity and the development of fundamental movement skills underline the need to determine the factors associated with children's development of such skills. As parents play an important role in the socialization process, the aim of this study was to examine correlates of family and neighbourhood characteristics as well as parental behaviour and beliefs on FMS performance in 4- to 6-year-old preschool children. Relationships between preschool children's FMS performance and family contextual variables were examined within a sample of 846 preschool children. Results identified positive associations of FMS performance with parental education, father's physical activity, transport to school by bicycle, and the high value placed by parents high on sport-specific aspects of children's physical activity. Variables negatively associated with preschool children's FMS performance included father-child interaction in TV-viewing and reading books, the high importance placed by parents on winning and performance in children's physical activity. Furthermore, the ambiguity of associations between FMS performance and parental beliefs underlined its complexity.     

运动干预及营养联合对老年肌少症患者影响的Meta分析

目的:运用Meta分析法综合相关文献,从定量评价角度评估运动干预及营养联合对老年肌少症患者肌肉质量、肌肉力量和身体功能结果的影响。方法:检索中国知网、万方数据库、维普(VIP)数据库、Web of Science、Pubmed、EBSCO等数据库,严格按照纳入与排除标准选取文献,提取数据,进行质量评价,在Review Manager5.3软件上进行统计分析,效应量以加权化均差(SMD)的形式表示。结果:纳入文献共计14篇,其中实验组为运动干预的研究10项,样本量551;实验组为营养联合运动干预的研究9项,样本量542。Meta分析结果显示,与对照组相比,运动干预有效改善老年肌少症患者肌肉力量(腿部力量)[SMD=0.5395%CL=(0.35,0.70),P<0.00001]、身体表现功能(步速)[SMD=0.38,95%CL=(0.04,0.77),P=0.03]。结论:运动干预可以有效改善肌少症患者肌肉力量和身体表现功能,但对于结果不具有显著性的结果指标也并不一定没有作用。在这个领域需要进行高质量的研究来探索治疗肌少症的有效干预方法。