400米运动员专项身体训练应注意的问题

400米运动员专项能力的提高,离不开专项身体素质的提高,因此专项身体素质训练是基础,专项身体训练既要有全面性,又要有针对性,主要包括速度、力量、耐力、柔韧、灵活等。但在专项身体训练过程中,训练方法的选择,对身体状态的掌控等都要一定的正确性、准确性,方能提高训练水平。一般来说,400米运动员专项身体训练应注意以下几个问题。     

体育锻炼提高身体自我概念的心理机制

为了探讨体育锻炼提高身体自我概念的内在机制,采用体育活动等级量表、身体自尊量表、一般自我效能感量表、社会体格焦虑问卷和自编的 理想-现实身体自我差异问卷,对752 名天津市在读大学生进行调查。结果发现,锻炼量与身体自尊之间呈显著正相关,表明经常参加体育锻炼确实 可以提高身体自我概念。中介效应检验结果表明,自我效能感、社会体格焦虑和理想-现实身体自我差异3 个变量分别在锻炼量与身体自尊关系之 间起部分中介作用。研究还将自我效能感、社会体格焦虑、理想-现实身体自我差异3 个中介变量整合在一起,构建体育锻炼提高身体自我概念的中 介效应整合模型。结构方程模型分析结果表明,身体锻炼提高身体自我概念的中介效应整合模型整体拟合较好,总的中介效应占39.32%,即体育锻 炼影响身体自我概念的总方差中有近40%可以由自我效能感、社会体格焦虑、理想-现实身体自我差异解释。上述结果提示,身体锻炼可以通过提高 自我效能感,降低社会体格焦虑,缩小理想-现实身体自我差异,进而促进身体自我概念的提高,这在一定程度上揭示了身体锻炼提高身体自我概念 的心理机制所在。     

体育锻炼对香港大学生身体自我概念的影响

以“身体自我描述问卷”为研究工具，研究体育锻炼对香港大学生身体自我概念的影响，被试为香港某大学的56名学生。研究结果表明，经过6周的体育锻炼之后，男性被试在身体活动、运动能力以及整体身体自我三方面的自我概念较锻炼前有显著性提高，女性被试在协调性、身体活动、运动能力、整体身体自我、外貌、力量、耐力（体能）以及整体自尊等方面的自我概念较锻炼前有显著性提高。     

6个动作强劲腹背肌力量

网球技术的提高,在很大程度上取决于利用身体的能力。身体充分得到利用,技术自然就会提高。截击技术中,不仅手腕的运用与击落地球、发球时不一样,身体其他部位的使用也大不一样。击落地球和发球强调利用身体躯干的扭转发力,而截击则需要身体在击球的瞬间有制动动作,并能控制身体不出现晃动,好似一堵墙壁那样稳定,而这需要有强大的腹背肌的力量做保证。下面我们来介绍提高控制身体稳定性的腹背肌力量的练习方法。     

体育隐蔽课程对大学生身体自我发展的实验研究

运用实验法对大学生进行为期2个阶段的体育隐蔽课程学习，通过PSDQ问卷测试发现：体育隐蔽课程有助于提高男生身体自我概念、身体自尊、身体活动、身体运动能力、身体力量和身体耐力;有助于提高女生身体健康、身体自我概念、身体自尊、身体肥胖、身体外表、身体活动和身体运动能力。说明体育隐蔽课程对大学生身体自我发展有良好的促进作用。     

身体平衡操(body balance)练习对女大学生健康状况影响的实验研究

通过对女大学生身体平衡操练习前后自测健康评定量表的测量,统计分析得出,身体平衡操练习能提高女大学生生理健康水平,表现在身体症状与器官功能及身体活动功能均有提高;可以非常有效地改善女大学生的心理健康状况,表现在正向情绪、心理症状及负向情绪、认知功能均有所改善;对女大学生的社会健康有积极的影响,表现在角色活动与社会适应、社会资源与社会接触、社会支持均得到提升。     

跆拳道运动对少年儿童身体自尊发展的影响研究

文章采用跆拳道项目对少年儿童进行实验教学,在实验教学前后进行身体自尊问卷的调查,分析跆拳道项目的学习对少年儿童身体自尊发展的影响。结果表明:跆拳道教学班的儿童与对照班相比,其身体自尊水平在外貌、身体活动、速度、柔韧、耐力、身体自我价值、整体自尊等七个维度上有明显提高,说明跆拳道练习可以促进儿童身体自尊的发展。     

从身体美与运动美的关系谈身体美的基本美学评价

身体美和运动美是体育美的核心内容,二者有区别也有不可分割的联系。对身体美进行美学评价,要在正确理解身体美和运动美关系的基础上,了解身体美的基本含义标准和特征,从理论上加以把握,从而提高欣赏效果。     

试论少年标枪运动员的基础训练

一、身体训练 标枪运动员要达到一定水平，必须具有较高的健康水平。身体训练是运动员提高健康水平、机体能力和掌握合理技术的基础，身体训练要全面。在训练过程中，要使运动成绩有显著提高，就必须掌握合理的专项技术和专项能力，而进行专项训练又必须建立在全面身体训练的基础上。     

健美操运动对女大学生体质健康影响的研究--以宁德师范学院为例

采用文献资料法、实验法、数理统计法等,对宁德师范学院2013级健美操选修班16名女大学生参加健美操运动前后的身体形态、身体机能和身体素质等指标进行测试和分析,结果表明,健美操运动在改善女大学生身体形态,提高身体机能和身体素质等方面都有良好积极的作用。     

低强度激光结合有氧运动对肥胖女大学生的减肥作用

探讨低强度激光照射结合有氧运动的人体减肥效果。将24名肥胖女大学生随机分为3个组,每组6人,即单纯运动组、单纯激光组、激光结合运动组。采用跑台上坡走(5°,4.5 km/h,30 min)方式进行运动,以810 nm半导体激光在神阙、天枢(双)、承扶和伏兔穴进行照射(1 592mW/cm2,每穴4 min)。各组减肥干预每周3次,共6周,试验前后检测体重、体重指数(BMI)、体脂百分比、腰围、大腿围、血清甘油三脂和总胆固醇。结果发现,各组的体重、BMI、体脂百分比、腰围和大腿围度试验后均显著下降,激光结合运动组和单纯激光组的血清总胆固醇也显著下降,在3个组中,激光结合运动组的体重、BMI、体脂百分比和腰围的降幅最大。结果表明,低强度激光照射结合有氧运动能够明显减少体脂、降低体重,其减肥效果显著优于单纯低强度激光照射和单纯有氧运动。     

Effect of different swim caps on the assessment of body volume and percentage body fat by air displacement plethysmography

Isothermal air trapped in scalp hair generates an underestimation of body volume when it is measured by air displacement plethysmography. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of wearing different types of swim caps on the measurement of body volume and percentage body fat by air displacement plethysmography. It was hypothesized that wearing a silicone swim cap would more thoroughly compress scalp hair compared with a lycra swim cap, yielding higher estimates of body volume and percent body fat. Thirty female participants aged 25.7 ± 6.4 years were measured in random order when wearing no swim cap, a lycra swim cap or a silicone swim cap. For the no-cap versus lycra cap condition, the mean bias for body volume was -0.579 ± 0.380 litre (limits of agreement: -1.340 to 0.181 litre) and for percent fat -4.9 ± 3.1% fat (limits of agreement: -11.2 to 1.3% fat) (P < 0.05). For the silicone versus lycra condition, the mean bias for body volume was 0.137 ± 0.099 litre (limits of agreement: -0.062 to 0.335 litre) and for percent fat 1.2 ± 0.9% fat (limits of agreement: -0.5 to 2.9% fat) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, attention should be paid to optimal compression of isothermal air trapped in scalp hair when using air displacement plethysmography. The present results suggest that this compression may be more thorough when wearing a silicone swim cap.     

Residual volume on land and when immersed in water: effect on percent body fat

There is a large residual volume (RV) error when assessing percent body fat by means of hydrostatic weighing. It has generally been measured before hydrostatic weighing. However, an individual's maximal exhalations on land and in the water may not be identical. The aims of this study were to compare residual volumes and vital capacities on land and when immersed to the neck in water, and to examine the influence of the measurement error on percent body fat. The participants were 20 healthy Japanese males and 20 healthy Japanese females. To assess the influence of the RV error on percent body fat in both conditions and to evaluate the cross-validity of the prediction equation, another 20 males and 20 females were measured using hydrostatic weighing. Residual volume was measured on land and in the water using a nitrogen wash-out technique based on an open-circuit approach. In water, residual volume was measured with the participant sitting on a chair while the whole body, except the head, was submerged . The trial-to-trial reliabilities of residual volume in both conditions were very good (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.98). Although residual volume measured under the two conditions did not agree completely, they showed a high correlation (males: 0.880; females: 0.853; P < 0.05). The limits of agreement for residual volumes in both conditions using Bland-Altman plots were -0.430 to 0.508 litres. This range was larger than the trial-to-trial error of residual volume on land (-0.260 to 0.304 litres). Moreover, the relationship between percent body fat computed using residual volume measured in both conditions was very good for both sexes (males: r = 0.902; females: r = 0.869, P < 0.0001), and the errors were approximately -6 to 4% (limits of agreement for percent body fat: -3.4 to 2.2% for males; -6.3 to 4.4% for females). We conclude that if these errors are of no importance, residual volume measured on land can be used when assessing body composition.     

对西安市中年女子水中健身的探讨

采用文献资料、身体成份测试、人体测量、数理统计以及实验研究等方法，对西安市20名成年女性进行为期3个月的水中有氧健身训练。结果表明：练习者在运动前后其身体体重没有明显变化，但肌肉重量增加．身体脂肪比率、身体围度指标降低，安静时心率及体重指数(BMI)都有不同程度的下降。结论：水中有氧健身运动对发展成年女性体质具有良好促进作用。     

丙酮酸钙对摔跤运动员体成分和静息代谢率的影响

探讨丙酮酸钙对摔跤运动员体成分和静息代谢率的影响。选取摔跤男运动员22人，随机分成2组即丙酮酸钙组和安慰荆组，分别给予6g／d的丙酮酸钙和安慰荆，共服用8周。观察摔跤运动员体重、体脂肪含量、体重指数、身体脂肪比率以夏腹部脂肪比率、去脂体重、肌肉量、骨骼肌含量、水分、蛋白质、无机盐含量以及静息代谢率的变化。结果表明实验束丙酮酸钙纽体重、体脂肪含量、体重指数、身体脂肪比率以厦腹部脂肪比率5项指标均较实验前呈显著下降（P〈0．05）；安慰剂组体重、去脂体重、肌肉量、体脂肪、体重指数、身体脂肪比率、腹部脂肪比率、水分、蛋白质、无机盐含量以及静息代谢率各项指标与实验前比较有所下降，但无显著意义；组间进行比较，丙酮酸钙组实验前后体重差值、体脂肪含量差值、身体脂肪比率差值以及腹部脂肪比率差值4项指标与安慰刺组相比差异存在显著（P〈0．05）；去脂体重、肌肉量、骨骼肌含量、水分、蛋白质、无机盐含量以及静息代谢率在实验前后和两组间均无明显变化。可见，丙酮酸钙能有效降低摔跤运动员体重和体脂含量而不影响去脂体重，迭到减重而不减瘦体重的目的；丙酮酸钙对于静息代谢率无明显影响。     

Rethinking fat as a fuel for endurance exercise

Abstract

A key element contributing to deteriorating exercise capacity during physically demanding sport appears to be reduced carbohydrate availability coupled with an inability to effectively utilize alternative lipid fuel sources. Paradoxically, cognitive and physical decline associated with glycogen depletion occurs in the presence of an over-abundance of fuel stored as body fat that the athlete is apparently unable to access effectively. Current fuelling tactics that emphasize high-carbohydrate intakes before and during exercise inhibit fat utilization. The most efficient approach to accelerate the body’s ability to oxidize fat is to lower dietary carbohydrate intake to a level that results in nutritional ketosis (i.e., circulating ketone levels >0.5 mmol/L) while increasing fat intake for a period of several weeks. The coordinated set of metabolic adaptations that ensures proper interorgan fuel supply in the face of low-carbohydrate availability is referred to as keto-adaptation. Beyond simply providing a stable source of fuel for the brain, the major circulating ketone body, beta-hydroxybutyrate, has recently been shown to act as a signalling molecule capable of altering gene expression, eliciting complementary effects of keto-adaptation that could extend human physical and mental performance beyond current expectation. In this paper, we review these new findings and propose that the shift to fatty acids and ketones as primary fuels when dietary carbohydrate is restricted could be of benefit for some athletes.     

茶多酚配合有氧运动对肥胖少年身体形态及机能指标的影响

采用实验法,探讨茶多酚配合有氧运动对肥胖少年体重、体脂含量、血脂水平、肺活量等的影响。实验组补充茶多酚、对照组服用安慰剂,两组被试每周进行4次(每次持续1 h)有氧健身操练习。结果显示:12周后,实验组对象体脂含量、血脂水平等指标均显著下降。结论:茶多酚能有效促进肥胖青少年脂肪代谢,增强减肥效果。     

系统运动减肥过程中血、脑胰岛素水平的改变

在复制系统运动减少腹部脂肪积累的大鼠模型的基础上,采用放免的方法测定了血清、脑脊液及脑组织中胰岛素和C肽水平,并分析其变化关系。结果表明,运动能提高脑胰岛素水平,系统运动所致的脑胰岛素水平增高在运动减少腹部脂肪垫脂肪积累的过程中发挥重要的作用。     

耐力运动中糖和脂肪利用的调节

耐力运动中要保持较高的输出功率必须同时利用糖和脂肪供能。事实上。机体内存在着复杂的机制调节糖和脂肪的利用。试从激素的调节、葡萄糖-脂肪酸循环及丙二酰CoA的调节三个方面来综述耐力运动中糖和脂肪利用的研究进展。     

力量训练、有氧运动对体能类男性运动员BMI、骨骼肌含量、体脂百分比的影响

选取20名体能类男性运动员,分为力量训练组和有氧训练组进行为期8周的对照实验。实验发现不同运动对人体成分的改变效果不同,力量训练可以促进骨骼肌的增长,有氧训练可以起到降低体重、减小体脂、抑制骨骼肌增长的作用。