小学三年级儿童情绪、语义启动后判断偏向的比较

本研究设置情绪启动和语义启动两种情境,欲从两种启动后个体的认知偏向改变的角度对小学儿童情绪启动与语义启动效应进行直接比较.实验材料中的启动刺激为集表情信息和性别语义信息为一体的面孔图片,并对两种信息强度进行匹配,靶刺激为模糊面孔图片.选取三年级儿童共40名,让被试完成 SOA 设置为250 ms 的偏向判断实验.结果发现:在同样强度的情绪信息和语义信息启动条件下,基于各自优势的偏向判断任务,情绪启动的表现很典型,出现了与启动刺激一致性的情绪偏向.该结果说明,情绪、语义启动后对认知偏向的改变不仅仅由启动刺激的情绪信息和语义信息带来,同时也受到个体自身偏向的影响.启动刺激的情绪效价信息可以在短时间内得到加工,并且属于自动激活的加工方式.     

状态和特质焦虑对情绪刺激时长估计的影响

影响时间知觉的情绪因素可以概括为情绪刺激因素和被试因素两个方面。以55名大学生为被试,估计哭、笑和中性表情面孔刺激呈现时长,并采用状态—特质焦虑量表测查其状态和特质焦虑,研究个体焦虑情绪对于时长估计的影响。结果发现,相对于中性表情刺激条件,在哭、笑表情刺激条件下,参加实验时的状态焦虑分数低于特质焦虑分数者(低常组),体现出高估时长的特点,达到或接近统计学显著水平;而参加实验时的状态焦虑分数高于平时测定的特质焦虑分数者(高常组),表现出未达到统计学显著水平的低估时长的趋势。结果提示我们:低常组高估时距可能是源于生理唤醒效应,而高常组低估时距可能是源于认知注意唤醒效应。     

靶词词频与情绪启动的关系

该研究采用词一词情绪启动范式和阈下情绪启动范式探讨靶词词频与情绪启动关系,采用两个实验分别从阈上、闽下探讨启动刺激和靶刺激效价一致和不一致时,个体对高频靶词和低频靶词评价分类差异。结果发现：在阈上条件下,靶词词频、效价及SOA的主效应均显著;在阈下条件下,除了词频效应显著外,效价匹配和SOA的交互作用极其显著;靶词词频和SOA三重交互作用达到显著性水平。根据研究结果,提出在情绪启动词一词范式中,将遵循最小努力假设,对靶词进行效价判断。     

情绪状态对自上而下的视觉选择性注意的影响简

通过双眼竞争范式考察了个体的情绪状态对其自上而下视觉选择性注意的影响.随机抽取了50名在校大学生,考察被试对重叠的面孔与房子的反应.结果发现：①在所有的情绪状态条件下个体对面孔的反应时显著长于对房子的反应时;②处于消极与积极情绪状态下个体分别偏向关注闷闷不乐的面孔与微笑的面孔;③性别对个体视觉选择性注意无显著影响.整个研究表明个体的情绪状态促进了对情绪面孔的视觉选择性注意.     

不同自尊对人际信息的注意偏向效应

情绪信息和注意偏向的关系一直是情绪研究和社会认知研究的热点。大量的研究均以情绪障碍患者作为被试群体,忽视了正常群体的研究,对情绪信息也片面地划分为正性与负性刺激,没有考虑到情绪刺激的社会意义。从社会计量器理论出发,从影响注意偏向效应的人格特质——自尊出发,以情绪刺激的人际效力为出发点,在综合国内外研究成果基础上,对不同自尊水平个体在人际拒绝/人际接纳情绪刺激注意偏向上的差异进行梳理和综述,以期深入探明问题实质,并为今后研究提供参考。     

悲伤情绪启动效应对人的记忆影响研究

利用悲伤情绪启动效应对人的记忆的影响研究,结果发现,悲伤情绪启动效应是明显的,实验组被试情绪强度均值与控制组被试情绪均值存在显著差异,悲伤情绪启动效应对人的记忆的影响与中性形象的情绪启动效应对人的记忆的影响具有显著差异。     

年级、年龄差异对儿童情绪认知能力的影响

以328名小学生为被试,研究探讨年级、年龄差异对儿童情绪认知能力的影响,研究结果表明：一是在表情识别部分,惊奇、悲伤、厌恶表情识别得分具有显著的年级差异;在愤怒、愉快的得分上无显著的年级差异。二是儿童在信念理解和情绪伪装得分上具有显著的年级差异;冲突情绪和移情得分无显著的年级差异。三是儿童在表情识别部分除害怕表情外均不具有显著的年龄差异。     

面部表情识别中眼睛的线索作用

目的:检验面部表情识别中眼睛的线索作用及发展变化趋势。方法:采用不同情绪中的眼睛和嘴鼻部制成的面部表情合成照片,不同年龄阶段的被试对刺激图片进行主观判断。结果:面部表情识别中眼睛线索和嘴鼻部线索作用存在显著差异;不同情绪条件下的眼睛和嘴鼻部的作用有显著差异;情绪识别中,三个年龄群体的眼睛线索作用存在显著差异。结论:总体上,面部表情识别中眼睛线索作用较弱;识别伤心情绪时,眼睛线索作用较大,识别开心情绪时,眼睛线索作用较小;随着年龄增长,眼睛线索作用逐渐增大。     

主观报告下情绪标注对正负性情绪的作用

在情绪标注的研究中,存在着情绪标注是增强还是抑制了情绪的争论。实验1以负性情绪图片为材料,分别在实验条件和预期条件下,比较了情绪标注和观看情绪刺激后的主观评定。结果发现,在预期条件下,被试在情绪标注时比观看时对情绪刺激评定的情绪强度更高;而在实验条件下,被试在情绪标注时比观看时对情绪刺激评定的强度更低。实验2以正性情绪图片为材料。分别在实验条件和预期条件下,比较了情绪标注和观看情绪刺激后的主观评定。结果发现,在预期条件下,被试在情绪标注时比观看时对情绪刺激评定的情绪强度更高;而在实验条件下,被试在情绪标注时和观看时相比在情绪刺激评定上没有差异。研究表明被试认为情绪标注会增强情绪,而在实际进行情绪标注时会抑制情绪,尤其是在负性情绪时。     

悲曲的情绪启动效应对人的记忆的影响研究

本文作者利用悲曲的情绪启动效应研究对人的记忆的影响,研究结果发现,悲曲的情绪启动效应是明显的,实验组的被试情绪强度均值与控制组的被试情绪均值存在显著的差异,悲曲的情绪启动效应对人的记忆影响与中性乐曲的情绪启动效应对人的记忆影响具有显著差异。     

汉字倒说

汉字的六书,《说文》对“转注”一类,语焉不详。后世学者提及转注,也仅限于许慎所举出的例字。《汉字例说》一文,作者从转注的角度综合考虑,对部分现代常用字作了分析,跟传统的解释有所不同。希望能抛砖引玉,互相切磋,以推进学术研究。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

钱生钱!

我们绝大部分人都同意一件事情——我们喜欢金钱。但是你对金钱的喜欢之情足够到让你创立一份事业么?.财富通常被人忽视,主要在于人们不能真正了     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

Inequalities for inscribed simplexes

The problem on the geometrc inequalities involving an n-dimensional simplex and its inscribed simplex is studied. Aninequality is established, which reveals that the difference between the squared circumradius of the n-dimensional simplex andthe squared distance between its circumcenter and barycenter times the squared circumradius of its inscribed simplex is not lessthan the 2(n-1)th power of n times its squared inradius, and is equal to when the simplex is regular and its inscribed siplex is atangent point one. Deduction from this inequality reaches a generalization of n-dimensional Euler inequality indicating that thecircumradius of the simplex is not less than the n-fold inradius. Another inequality is derived to present the relationship betweenthe circumradius of the n-dimensional simplex and the circumradius and inradius of its pedal simplex.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

微薄的薪水,高尚的情操

现在,我们可以没有面包,没有钱,没有房子,没有车子……但我们唯独不能丢失的是高尚的情操,笃定的信念,还有,满满的希望!     

Virtual reality approach for 3D large model browsing on web site

Using virtual reality for interactive design gives a designer an intuitive vision of a design and allows the designer to achieve a viable, optimal solution in a timely manner. The article discusses the process of making the Virtual Reality System of the Humble Administrator＇s Garden. Translating building data to the Virtual Reality Modeling Language （VRML） is by far unsatisfactory. This creates a challenge for computer designers to do optimization to meet requirements. Five different approaches to optimize models have been presented in this paper. The other methods are to optimize VRML and to reduce the file size. This is done by keeping polygon counts to a minimum and by applying such techniques as object culling and level-ofdetail switching.     

An Analysis of Individualism in the Declaration of Independence

The awareness of individualism can be traced back to the period of American Revolution when the Declaration of Independence was produced.It expressed basic beliefs concerning freedom,equality,democracy,privacy and the relationship between people and government,which were exactly what the philosophy of individualism mostly dealt with at that time.This paper is to exploit the essence of individualism by analyzing the Declaration .The analysis enables us to reconsider its significance to the issue of America human rights and foreign policies.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.