自组织表征理论下原始物理问题的深度解答

为了深入了解学生在解决原始物理问题中存在的困难,以及对原始物理问题的深度解答,本文以邢红军教授提出的解决原始物理问题的自组织表征理论为基础,以表征理论的现实意义为切入口,通过正反两方对"曹冲称象"中水位变化为原始物理问题,通过多种思维方式深度解答水位变化的原始物理问题.     

物理能力的“双峰”分布及其启示

采用原始物理问题测量工具，对国内两所著名中学的高中学生进行测试，结果发现，两所学校学生测试成绩的直方图均呈现“双峰分布”而非“正态分布”.基于智力与能力的能量说与做功说，运用突变理论的折叠函数解释了“双峰分布”的结果.这不仅为物理高考命题提供了可供借鉴的思路，而且为创新型物理人才的鉴别提供了有益的启示.     

协同学理论视野下课堂管理策略新探

协同学的理论与方法为课堂管理提供了重要的理论基础和方法论基础,在分析协同学理论的内涵时,指出了课堂管理中存在的一些问题,对如何运用协同学理论、构建民主型的课堂管理模式进行了深入的探讨,目的在于在课堂管理中更好运用协同学的方法,建立良好的课堂管理秩序。     

原始物理问题表征视角下的微项目学习实践——以“简单机械”复习为例

以中考专题复习“简单机械”为例,开展以问题驱动、知识建构、问题解决和评价反馈为主要流程的微项目式学习活动,分享如何运用自组织表征理论分析和解决“救助山羊”这一原始物理问题,是一次成功的基于原始物理问题的微项目学习实践。     

开发主题式原始物理问题资源 促进物理核心素养高效落地——以“嫦娥四号”相关问题开发为例

以嫦娥四号的奔月和月球背面通信为背景,结合2019年高考真题,改编、原创了一组相关原始物理问题。涉及到拉格朗日L2点的定量确定、"鹊桥号"中继星的最小轨道半径的估算及通信时间等问题,并依据原始物理问题的自组织表征理论,按照抽象表征、图象表征、赋值表征等六个表征层次进行了解析和点评,展现了主题式原始物理问题题组的育人功能。     

初中原始物理问题测量工具:编制与研究

在确定编制原则的基础上,依据自组织表征理论,编制了初中原始物理问题测量工具。基于"主观试题客观评分化"的评分标准,检验了测量工具的信度和效度,这为评价初中学生的物理问题解决能力提供了一种有效方式。     

协同学理论与教学模式

协同学是德国的功勋科学家H·哈肯于20世纪70年代末建立的一种科学理论。协同学理论是处理复杂系统的一种策略。协同学的目的是建立一种用统一的观点去处理复杂系统的概念和方法。由于复杂系统通常是由大量子系统构成的，因此，协同学描述三个层次：微观层次（基于系统的基元性质）、介观层次（若干基元的集合）、宏观层次。该理论已应用到物理学、生物学、社会学等学科，产生了物理协同学、生物协同学、社会协同学等理论，协同学在教学领域也有广泛应用。教学系统的运转是由参与教学过程的教师的能力、学生的素质、教学内容、教具的先进性…     

数学应用题解决研究的理论进展--兼论表征复杂性模型

对数学应用题解决的研究在20世纪80年代取得了重要的理论进展。认知和数学心理学家Mayer和Kintsch等在认知范式的指导下,分别提出了他们关于数学应用题解决过程的理论,认为应用题解决的关键是问题的表征,而问题表征的关键是识别问题类型,即正确理解和表征问题中的集合关系。近年来,我们以前人的理论和自己的实证研究为基础,提出了“表征复杂性模型”,为更精细地考察或区分儿童的表征能力提供了理论框架。     

物理问题解决的认知模式构建

问题解决过程是一种能力和智慧的生成过程。从教育心理学的视角出发,文章分析了较为典型的问题解决过程模式。依据现代认知心理学理论并考虑协同学原理,构建了能够体现个体思维特征的,适合于物理问题解决的认知模式。该认知模式具有非线性特征,更加注重各阶段的动态联系,真实地描述了人类解决问题的动态过程,揭示出不同个体在同一问题解决中存在的认知差异,并且应用认知模式对一个著名的科学案例进行了诠释。     

基于协同学理论的篮球教学管理策略分析

协同学的理论与方法为篮球教学管理提供了重要的理论基础和方法论基础,对如何运用协同学理论、构建自组织型的篮球教学管理模式进行了深入的探讨,目的在于建立良好的篮球教学管理秩序。     

原始物理问题测量工具：编制与研究

我国物理能力测量一直沿用习题形式。由于习题的呈现形式是已被抽象的物理情境,因而使物理能力测量的有效性难以得到保证。基于此,编制了原始物理问题测量工具并选取中学生进行了抽样测量。结果表明,原始物理问题测量工具不仅具有很好的信度与效度,而且能有效测量中学生解决物理问题的能力。     

Analysing cognitive or non‐cognitive factors involved in the process of physics problem‐solving in an everyday context

Recently, the importance of an everyday context in physics learning, teaching, and problem‐solving has been emphasized. However, do students or physics educators really want to learn or teach physics problem‐solving in an everyday context? Are there not any obstructive factors to be considered in solving the everyday context physics problems? To obtain the answer to these questions, 93 high school students, 36 physics teachers, and nine university physics educators participated in this study. Using two types of physics problems—everyday contextual problems (E‐problems) and decontextualized problems (D‐problems)—it was found that even though there was no difference in the actual performance between E‐problems and D‐problems, subjects predicted that E‐problems were more difficult to solve. Subjects preferred E‐problems on a school physics test because they thought E‐problems were better problems. Based on the observations of students' problem‐solving processes and interviews with them, six factors were identified that could impede the successful solution of E‐problems. We also found that many physics teachers agreed that students should be able to cope with those factors; however, teachers' perceptions regarding the need for teaching those factors were low. Therefore, we suggested teacher reform through in‐service training courses to enhance skills for teaching problem‐solving in an everyday context.     

Structured Collaboration versus Individual Learning in Solving Physics Problems

The research issue in this study is how to structure collaborative learning so that it improves solving physics problems more than individual learning. Structured collaborative learning has been compared with individual learning environments with Schoenfeld’s problem‐solving episodes. Students took a pre‐test and a post‐test and had the opportunity to solve six physics problems. Ninety‐nine students from a secondary school in Shanghai participated in the study. Students who learnt to solve problems in collaboration and students who learnt to solve problems individually with hints improved their problem‐solving skills compared with those who learnt to solve the problems individually without hints. However, it was hard to discern an extra effect for students working collaboratively with hints—although we observed these students working in a more structured way than those in the other groups. We discuss ways to further investigate effective collaborative processes for solving physics problems.     

物理问题解决的影响因素研究

基于理论研究,笔者提出物理问题解决的影响因素假设模型,借助于"原始物理问题测验工具"和"原始物理问题解决影响因素问卷",对450名高中生进行了测试和问卷调查,采用AMOS4.01软件对数据进行结构方程模型分析,主要指标CFI和NNFI大于0.95,表示模型拟合得较好,RESEA小于0.08的拟合结果可以接受,从而验证了假设模型。结果表明,物理问题解决的影响因素包括:物理知识、物理方法、思维品质的深刻性、独创性、批判性和灵活性,这为问题解决的进一步研究提供了有益的启示。     

How Can We Improve Problem Solving in Undergraduate Biology? Applying Lessons from 30 Years of Physics Education Research

If students are to successfully grapple with authentic, complex biological problems as scientists and citizens, they need practice solving such problems during their undergraduate years. Physics education researchers have investigated student problem solving for the past three decades. Although physics and biology problems differ in structure and content, the instructional purposes align closely: explaining patterns and processes in the natural world and making predictions about physical and biological systems. In this paper, we discuss how research-supported approaches developed by physics education researchers can be adopted by biologists to enhance student problem-solving skills. First, we compare the problems that biology students are typically asked to solve with authentic, complex problems. We then describe the development of research-validated physics curricula emphasizing process skills in problem solving. We show that solving authentic, complex biology problems requires many of the same skills that practicing physicists and biologists use in representing problems, seeking relationships, making predictions, and verifying or checking solutions. We assert that acquiring these skills can help biology students become competent problem solvers. Finally, we propose how biology scholars can apply lessons from physics education in their classrooms and inspire new studies in biology education research.     

The Missing Curriculum in Physics Problem-Solving Education

Physics is often seen as an excellent introduction to science because it allows students to learn not only the laws governing the world around them, but also, through the problems students solve, a way of thinking which is conducive to solving problems outside of physics and even outside of science. In this article, we contest this latter idea and argue that in physics classes, students do not learn widely applicable problem-solving skills because physics education almost exclusively requires students to solve well-defined problems rather than the less-defined problems which better model problem solving outside of a formal class. Using personal, constructed, and the historical accounts of Schrödinger’s development of the wave equation and Feynman’s development of path integrals, we argue that what is missing in problem-solving education is practice in identifying gaps in knowledge and in framing these knowledge gaps as questions of the kind answerable using techniques students have learned. We discuss why these elements are typically not taught as part of the problem-solving curriculum and end with suggestions on how to incorporate these missing elements into physics classes.     

Physica: A Computer Environment for Physics Problem-Solving

Physica is an integrated software package designed as part of a course for distance learning students from non-traditional educational backgrounds. It gives students access to an extensive hyperlinked physics glossary, computer algebra and graph-plotting tools. The package aims to give students a framework for solving physics problems and to help them acquire some higher level skills of quantitative problem-solving. This paper outlines rationales underlying various protocols for solving physics problems, and discusses the extent to which frameworks may be useful in helping students develop appropriate strategies for representing problems in formal terms, selecting targets, planning solutions and checking answers. Pedagogical issues underlying the design and implementation of the software are discussed.     

论普通物理与高等数学的相依关系

在物理教学中存在大量的数学问题,通过对这些问题的求解,一方面可以加深学生对数学问题的理解,另一方面可以提高学生应用数学工具解决物理问题的能力。     

Characterising Learning Interactions: A Study of University Students Solving Physics Problems in Groups

The purpose of this article is to explore how a group of four university physics students addressed mechanics problems, in terms of student direction of attention, problem solving strategies and their establishment of and ways of interacting. Adapted from positioning theory, the concepts ‘positioning’ and ‘storyline’ are used to describe and to analyse student interaction. Focused on how the students position the physics problems, themselves, and each other, the analyses produced five different storylines. The dominant storyline deals with how the students handled the problem solving, whilst two other storylines characterise alternative ways of handling the physics problems, whereas the two remaining storylines are concerned with how students positioned themselves and others—as either funny and/or knowledgeable physics students—and constitute different aspects of the physics community. Finally, the storylines are discussed in relation to the pedagogical situation, with recommendations made for teaching practice and future research.     

Conceptual Understanding of Causal Reasoning in Physics

College students often experience difficulties in solving physics problems. These difficulties largely result from a lack of conceptual understanding of the topic. The processes of conceptual learning reflect the nature of the causal reasoning process. Two major causal reasoning methods are the covariational and the mechanism‐based approaches. This study was to investigate the effects of different causal reasoning methods on facilitating students’ conceptual understanding of physics. 125 college students from an introduction physics class were assigned into covariational group, mechanism‐based group, and control group. The results show that the mechanism‐based group significantly outperformed the other two groups in solving conceptual problems. However, no significant difference was found in all three groups performance on solving computational problems. Speculation on the inconsistent performance of the mechanism‐based group in conceptual and computational problem solving is given. Detailed analyses of the results, findings, and educational implications are discussed