体育院校运动训练专业课程的改革

从体育院校运动训练专业本科教育现状入手,结合实际,剖析现阶段我国体育院校运动训练本科专业课程设置的具体情况,找出其存在问题及根源,阐述了运动训练专业课程体系改革的理论框架和理论依据,提出了其改革的对策及建议。研究认为,运动训练课程体系改革必须做到围绕学生发展、社会需求、课程目标、实际情况和授课效率等5个方面对运动训练专业课程体系进行妥善、有效的改革。     

知识经济社会背景下体育教练员专业知识结构探析

通过文献资料及访谈,从知识经济的角度,对体育教练员专业知识结构进行了研究。结果表明:教练员的知识要素包括训练科学相关理论知识、运动专项知识、训练执教经验和训练相关信息。教练员知识结构分三层,即运动专项知识和训练执教经验构成的核心层,训练科学相关理论知识构成的中间层和训练相关信息构成的补充层。     

高校运动训练专业课程设置安排的研究

本文通过阐述运动训练专业的培养目标,对高校运动训练专业课程设置现状及课程安排存在问题的研究,提出我国运动训练课程设置的改革措施,为我国高校运动训练专业课程设置改革提供参考。     

进一步开创运动训练新局面,积极地、有步骤地进行训练改革——在一九八三年全国运动训练学学术报告会上的发言

为进一步开创运动训练新局面,提高运动技术水平,必须进行训练改革。为此,要明确、落实运动训练的根本任务和奋斗目标,实现运动训练的具体指标;要解放思想,继续肃清训练工作中“左”的思想流毒和保守思想影响;要搞宽优秀运动队设置的路子,搞活教练员制度;要加强运动训练的科学研究,继续进行技术革新,不断改进训练方法;要实行训练责任制,搞活运动训练的有关政策;要选拔革命事业心强、能打开新局面、勇于改革的同志到运动训练第一线搞科研、管理、训练,当领队、教练。     

高校运动训练人才培养新途径的实证研究——以宁波大学为例

运动训练专业是我国普通高等体育院校专业的重要组成部分,肩负着培养教练员和专项体育教师的重任。现阶段我国市场经济发展、体育竞赛制度改革的不断深入以及我国高校运动训练专业单独招生的特殊性,为我国高校运动训练专业办学带来了大量新的挑战与机遇。通过分析中国社会发展的大背景及当前运动训练专业人才培养中存在的问题,在总结国内外有关高校运动训练运动队培养方式、方法的基础上,运用体育学、教育学、管理学等多门学科知识,充分利用文献资料,通过对宁波大学运动训练专业人才培养模式和成功经验的个案分析,提出了我国高校运动训练人才培养的方案和可持续发展的有效措施,探讨我国高校运动训练改革发展的方向,提出对高校运动训练进行改造的一些设想,为我国高校如何进一步提高大学高水平运动队的办学效率和效益提供参考。     

体育院校运动训练专业教学内容和课程体系改革与构建

根据武汉体育学院"教学改革大讨论"的三大主题,运动训练学院和有关专家对2006版运动训练专业本科人才培养方案进行了探讨,经过多次论证并吸取兄弟院校的经验,从培养目标入手,以改革与构建教学内容和课程体系为突破口,使运动训练专业更好适应21世纪的发展要求,为我国高校运动训练专业改革提供有益的借鉴.     

科学训练演变的历史特征

科学与运动训练的关系经历了三个发展阶段：（１）在古代,运动训练与医学初步联烟;（２）在近代,运动训练向科学训练过程;（３）在现代,科学在运动训练中大量运用,科学训练不断发展。历史证明,科学训练的主要内容是以科学技术理论为依据,进行运动训练手段、方法的改革与创新,由某一不科领域的专家或教练唢动用科学技术理论具体实施。在极大地改变了传统训练模式。凭经验摸索或通过模仿别人的方法进行训练的作法已不合时宜,     

对马特维耶夫经典分期理论的审视与思辨

运动训练分期理论的核心是发展运动员的竞技状态,它的着眼点是使运动员在多次重要赛事乃至整个职业生涯中都能创造最好成绩。在训练大周期中,训练内容、阶段以及负荷需要保持科学、合理的比例与动态平衡,使整个训练过程具有周期性、动态性、可调性。由于竞技体育赛事体制的改革与职业体育的不断发展,传统的运动训练分期理论的弊端日益突出,使强调一般训练的分期训练理论与具体的运动项目结合时,其指导性、普适性不强,难以提高运动员的运动成绩。     

试论当代速滑技术的新发展与非冰期训练手段的变革

该文从当代速滑技术发展变化的6个技术动作,通过运动训练的实践来探讨速滑运动非冰期陆上训练手段,与冰上技术相对应的,6点模仿动作的改革尝试。笔者通过训练实践,证明六点陆上训练的改革对冰上新技术的适应和掌握,有积极效果。     

体育院校竞技体育运动训练改革构想

体育院校竞技体育运动训练目前还存在许多问题,本文针对体育院校竞技体育运动训练,采用文献法,按照最新的训练理念,提出体育院校竞技体育运动训练理论体系和教学手段与方法的改革,为探索体教结合的体制改革成功之路,提供参考。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

全国城乡学生体质20年动态分析

基于1985、1995和2005年全国学生体质调研数据,对各时期我国城乡学生形态、机能、体能发展水平进行系统地定量研究,动态分析20年全国城乡学生体质发展的特点与规律。主要研究结果：（1）近20年城乡学生生长发育持续提前,城市学生各项形态指标生长水平高于乡村,身高城乡差距缩小,体重、胸围城乡差距加大;（2）城市学生肺活量水平高于乡村,城乡学生肺活量20年持续下降,前10年乡村学生下降快、后10年城市学生下降快;（3）乡村学生800m、1000m跑水平高于城市,城市女生50m跑、仰卧起坐水平高于乡村,其他素质城乡学生水平波动较大;（4）城市女生50m跑20年持续下降,城乡学生800m和1000m跑、城市学生50m×8往返跑20年加速下降,其他素质20年间有增有降发展极不平稳。     

定向运动对大学生身心健康发展的实践研究

采用测量、问卷调查、数理统计等方法,分析定向运动学习前后对大学生身心健康的影响.结果经T检验和x2检验且表明：定向运动不仅能增强学生体质健康水平,而且有助于学生的情绪调节,增强自信心与创新意识,培养勇敢顽强的意志品质,建立良好的人际关系,能有效地促进学生身心健康发展.为了全面提高大学生整体素质,积极实践,构建定向运动课内外一体化教学模式,进行定向运动课程模块化教学,以满足学生的多元化需求.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

摔跤常见技术动作开始的发力特征研究

采用专门研制的摔跤测力装置,对过胸摔、挟颈背、拉臂转移和滚桥技术动作开始发力的力学特征进行测试分析,结果表明,上述动作开始的发力具有力值大和力的梯度大的特点,均有爆发用力的特征。其中过胸摔和滚桥主要把位发力最大,其总合力和力的梯度也最大。     

按摩器刺激对提高普通高校健美操专选学生柔韧性训练效果的实验研究

柔韧素质是健美操专业学生的专项素质之一,通过对普通高校健美操专业学生分组对照进行柔韧性训练的实验研究,认为对训练肌群辅以按摩器振颤刺激,可大大提高柔韧性训练效果。     

我国城市体育自然环境建设与发展的研究

采用实地调查研究、理性思维研究和文献资料调研等方法对主要问题进行了专门研究，提出了进行城市体育场所区域生态功能区划、设计体育生态功能区布局的方案、做好体育场所绿色环境系统规划、制定体育场所生态与绿地管理措施等基本观点，提出了若干城市体育自然环境建设与发展的对策。     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。